Table 1 The N-GAMS scale, also showing items excluded*, scored in reverse_R and added to original scale_A

GS1_R

addressing differences between men and women creates inequity in health care*

GS2

physicians' knowledge of gender differences in illness and health increases quality of care*

GS3_R

physicians should only address biological differences between men and women

GS4_R

in non-sex-specific health disorders the sex/gender of the patient is irrelevant

GS5_R

a physician should confine as much as possible to biomedical aspects of health complaints of men and women

GS6_R

physicians do not need to know what happens in the lives of men and women to be able to deliver medical care*

GS7_R

differences between male and female physicians are too small to be relevant

GS8_R

especially because men and women are different, physicians should treat everybody the same

GS9_R

physicians who address gender differences are not dealing with the important issues

GS10_R

in communicating with patients it does not matter to a physician whether the patients are men or women

GS11_R

in communicating with patients it does not matter whether the physician is a man or a woman

GS12_R

differences between male and female patients are so small that physicians can hardly take them into account

GS13

for effective treatment, physicians should address gender differences in etiology and consequences of disease*

GS14_R

it is not necessary to consider gender differences in presentation of complaints*

GRIP, Gender role ideology towards patients (excluded item*)

GRIP1

male patients better understand physicians' measures than female patients

GRIP2

female patients compared to male patients have unreasonable expectations of physicians

GRIP3

women more frequently than men want to discuss problems with physicians that do not belong in the consultation room

GRIP4

women expect too much emotional support from physicians

GRIP5

male patients are less demanding than female patients

GRIP6

women are larger consumers of health care than is actually needed

GRIP7

men do not go to a physician for harmless health problems

GRIP8

medically unexplained symptoms develop in women because they lament too much about their health

GRIP9

female patients complain about their health because they need more attention than male patients

GRIP10

it is easier to find causes of health complaints in men because men communicate in a direct way

GRIP11

men appeal to health care more often with problems they should have prevented*

GRID, Gender role ideology towards doctors (excluded item*, item added _A)

GRID1

male physicians put too much emphasis on technical aspects of medicine compared to female physicians

GRID2

female physicians extend their consultations too much compared to male physicians

GRID3

male physicians are more efficient than female physicians

GRID4

female physicians are more empathic than male physicians

GRID5

female physicians needlessly take into account how a patient experiences disease

GRID6

male physicians are better able to deal with the work than female physicians*

GRID7

female physicians are too emotionally involved with their patients

GRID8_A

compared to female physicians, male physicians are too hurried in their consultations