Table 1 Characteristics and quality assessment results of the included studies (n = 18)

Breslin A, 2019 [28]

USA

To develop, implement, and evaluate a shame resilience after medical error seminar

Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

Duke University School of Medicine

Fourth year medical students

179

55.5%

0

Davis M, 2022 [29]

USA

To offer a high-reliability organization (HRO)-related medication safety curriculum to nursing students and to evaluate their learning

Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

Community college

Senior associate degree nursing students

53

66.7%

5

Gillies RA, 2011 [41]

Georgia

1. To develop and evaluate a multi-faceted intervention for teaching medical students about medical errors and apologies

2. To know the opinion of the participants about the intervention

1. Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

2. Cross-sectional (survey study)

Medical College of Georgia

First-year medical students

384

55.5%

11

Hanson J, 2020[35]

Australia

To know the students' opinion about the quality, effectiveness and appropriateness of a communicative assertiveness activity

Qualitative study (survey with qualitative questions and individual semi-structured interview)

School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, at a regional university in South East Queensland

First year undergraduate nursing students

535

80%

28

Huang H, 2020 [38]

China

To explore the degree of second victim syndrome in clinical practice and the rehabilitation process

Mixed-methods design (quantitative survey and a semi-structured interview)

Medical schools of China

Nursing students

147 (survey study)

6 (interview)

80%

10

Kim CW, 2017 [33]

South Korea

To assess the effectiveness of an education program for medical error disclosure

Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

Seoul National University College of Medicine (SNUCM), Seoul National

University Hospital (SNUH), Chung-Ang University Hospital (CUH)

Fourth-year medical students

79

66.7%

18

Krogh, TB. 2023 [37]

Denmark

To explore experiences, perceptions, and management of second victim phenomenon

Qualitative study (semi-structured focus group

Interviews)

University

of Copenhagen

Medical students and recent medical graduates (not starting the 1st year of training)

15

80%

0

Lane AS, 2021 [36]

Australia

To examine the experience of students about learning of open disclosure, using high fidelity mannequins and human actors, in the context of medication error’

Qualitative Study (focus groups)

Western Sydney

Local Health District

Final-year

medical students of a 4-year

postgraduate medical programme

8

70%

3

Le H, 2022 [30]

USA

To design and implement an educational experience to cope with medical errors

To know the opinion of participants about the importance of medical error, and the feeling of comfort when they discuss medical errors

Cross-sectional (survey study)

4th year medical students

0

Mohsin SU, 2019 [44]

USA

To develop an intervention for helping students to identify and report a medical error, and to describe the impact on clinical error reporting

Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

Wayne State University School of Medicine

Medical students

282

55.5%

15

Mousinho TAP, 2022 [42]

Brazil

To identify the support provided to nursing students after a patient safety incident

Qualitative study (interviews and survey)

Federal university in Rio

Grande do Sul

Last year nursing students

23

70%

Musunur S, 2020 [31]

USA

To develop an educational session to allow students to discuss the impact of medical error with

local physician-educators in their community and prepare

them before the first adverse event occurs

To assess the impact of this curriculum

Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

Wayne State University School of Medicine (Detroit)

Second year medical students

300

66.7%

2

Noland CM, 2015 [32]

USA

To explore how students understand medical errors and how they communicate about those errors

Qualitative Study

(Interview)

New England University

Nursing students

68

80%

12

Rinaldi C, 2022 [39]

Italy

1-To describe the prevalence of second victim

2-To explore the physical and psychological symptoms after a patient safety incident, the causes and the received support

Cross-sectional (survey study)

University of the Piemonte Orientale (Novara)

Nursing students (n = 128) and medical students (n = 174)

302

75%

2

Roh H, 2014 [34]

Republic of Korea

To examine the changes in the perceptions (concepts of patient safety), in the attitudes focusing on systems failure rather

than blaming individuals for medical errors, and the individual and collective responsibility in medical students after a patient safety education

Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

Inje University College of Medicine

Third-year medical students

98

66.7%

24

Ryder HF, 2019 [19]

USA

To develop, implement, and evaluate the patient safety

reporting curriculum (PSRC)

Quasi-experimental

(pre–post-test survey)

The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth

Medical Students

126

55.5%

4

Thomas I, 2015 [40]

UK

To develop and evaluate a

simulated ward round experience

with a focus on medical error and

distraction

Mixed-method survey study

University of Aberdeen

Final-year medical students

28

70%

7

Zieber MP, 2015 [43]

Canada

To explore the experience of nursing students who had made at least one mistake in their clinical practice

Qualitative Study (semi-structured interview)

Nursing school of Canada

Third or fourth year nursing students

16

80%

9