Table 5 MSLQ scores based on gender, education stage, and medical school type

Total MSLQ (81 items)

420

136–534

423

194–549

0.657

426

136–536

418

194–549

0.003*

436

221–519

418

136–549

< 0.001*

MSLQ A Motivation scales (31 items)

170.5

36–217

173

54–217

0.215

175

36–217

168

61–217

< 0.001*

175

74–217

171

36–217

0.084

MSLQ B Learning strategies scales (50 items)

253

100–332

254

115–340

0.511

254

100–332

253

115–340

0.224

261

120–326

250

100–340

0.004*

MSLQ A1 Motivation scales –

value component (14 items)

80

16–98

81

19–98

0.155

83

16–98

78

28–98

< 0.001*

82

34–98

80

16–98

0.026*

  Intrinsic goal orientation (4 items)

22

4–28

21

6–28

0.213

22

4–28

20.5

7–28

< 0.001*

22

7–28

21

4–28

0.123

  Extrinsic goal orientation (4 items)

24

4–28

24

6–28

0.111

25

4–28

23

7–28

< 0.001*

24

8–28

24

4–28

0.012*

  Task value (6 items)

41

8–49

41

7–49

0.133

42

7–49

40

14–49

< 0.001*

42

18–49

41

7–49

< 0.001*

MSLQ A2 Motivation scales – expectancy component (12 items)

67.5

15–84

67

24–84

0.179

68

15–84

65

24–84

< 0.001*

69

25–84

66

15–84

0.026*

  Control of learning beliefs (4 items)

23

5–28

24

4–28

0.31

24

4–28

23

8–28

< 0.001*

24.5

8–28

23

4–28

< 0.001*

  Self-efficacy for learning and performance (8 items)

44

10–56

43

15–56

0.154

42

15–56

44

10–56

0.002*

44

17–56

43

10–56

0.046*

MSLQ A3 Motivation scales – affective component (5 items)

23

5–35

24

5–35

0.201

24

5–35

23

8–35

< 0.001*

24

8–35

23

5–35

0.740

  Test anxiety (5 items)

23

5–35

24

5–35

0.201

24

5–35

23

8–35

< 0.001*

24

8–35

23

5–35

0.740

MSLQ B1 Learning strategies scales – cognitive and metacognitive strategies (31 items)

161

45–213

162

60–214

0.755

163.5

45–214

161

60–214

0.073

169.5

62–213

159

45–214

< 0.001*

  Rehearsal (4 items)

22

4–28

22

6–28

0.386

22

4–28

22

6–28

0.062

23

8–28

22

4–28

0.004*

  Elaboration (6 items)

32

6–42

33

11–42

0.887

32

6–42

32

11–42

0.389

35

11–42

32

6–42

< 0.001*

  Organization (4 items)

21

4–28

21

8–28

0.704

21

4–28

21

7–28

0.396

22.5

7–28

20

4–28

< 0.001*

  Critical thinking (5 items)

26

7–35

25

8–35

0.517

26

7–35

26

8–35

0.408

27

10–35

25

7–35

< 0.001*

  Metacognitive self-regulation (12 items)

61

18–80

61

27–84

0.752

62

18–84

61

27–84

0.053

64

27–80

61

18–84

< 0.001*

MSLQ B2 Learning strategies scales - cognitive and metacognitive strategies - Resource management strategies (19 items)

89

47–127

90

47–127

0.171

90

47–127

89

55–127

0.315

91

55–125

89

47–127

0.005*

  Time and study environment (8 items)

36

21–56

37

21–56

0.028*

37

21–56

36

23–56

0.035*

37

21–56

36

21–56

0.250

  Effort regulation (4 items)

17

8–28

18

9–28

0.017*

18

10–28

17

8–28

0.252

18

9–28

17

8–28

0.294

  Peer learning (3 items)

15

3–21

15

3–21

0.958

15

3–21

15

4–21

0.23

16

5–21

15

3–21

0.025*

  Help-seeking (4 items)

19

5–28

18

6–28

0.432

18

5–28

18

6–27

0.999

19

6–26

18

5–28

0.052