Table 1 Perceived risks and mitigation strategies

Technical Risks

Compatibility issues: The simulation software may be compatible with the existing technology infrastructure, such as hardware, operating systems, or network configurations.

Conducting Pilots: We scheduled a dry run before every simulation with our engineer to check technical issues.

System failures: There is a risk of technical glitches, software bugs, or system crashes that could disrupt the training sessions and negatively impact the learning experience.

Data security: Storing and handling sensitive participant data within the simulation system may pose risks if proper data security measures are not in place.

Collaborate with the I.T. department to address data security risks and find secure storage space within our internal platform.

Resource Risks

Lack of skilled personnel: Difficulty finding and training trainers or facilitators proficient in using the simulation software and delivering practical training sessions.

Providing adequate training and support: We installed a Train the Trainer course, reserved for future simulation consultants, and adjusted to the specific needs of the SIMCLUB (e.g., the transversal character of the cases)

Time constraints: Inadequate time for course development, testing, and customization of the simulation-based training materials and scenarios.

We partnered with the course directors to have a dedicated simulation champion in each department, which had reserved time and expertise in and for simulation.

User Adoption Risks

Resistance to change: Participants or trainers may resist adopting the new simulation-based approach due to unfamiliarity, scepticism, or preference for traditional training methods.

After each session, we presented data on outcomes (satisfaction and learning effect). This was visualized together with the international literature on simulation-based training effects and patient outcome improvement.

Technical proficiency: Participants may face challenges adjusting to a simulation scenario, hindering their engagement, and learning outcomes.

We tried to replicate the hospital setting as realistic as possible. Before every scenario, we briefed the participants to assume a real case, to speak, touch, and carefully listen to the “patient.” Moreover, we introduced actors to create stressful and realistic scenarios.