Table 2 Summary statistics for moderators related to examination scores
Subgroup | n | SMD | 95% CI | p value | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
region | |||||
 USA | 7 | 1.14 | 0.56, 1.72 | 0.00 | 79.8% |
 others | 8 | 0.03 | −0.57, 0.63 | 0.92 | 89.6% |
learners | |||||
 medical students | 12 | 0.51 | 0.02, 1.01 | 0.04 | 89.6% |
 residents | 3 | 0.67 | −0.45, 1.79 | 0.24 | 77.8% |
course | |||||
 skeletal anatomy | 6 | −0.07 | −0.95, 0.81 | 0.88 | 91.4% |
 neuroanatomy | 4 | 0.52 | −0.04, 1.10 | 0.07 | 84.9% |
 others | 5 | 1.34 | 0.52, 2.14 | 0.00 | 87.8% |
intervention | |||||
 3D interactive models | 8 | 0.64 | 0.47, 0.81 | 0.00 | 82.5% |
 VR | 7 | −0.09 | −0.37, 0.18 | 0.50 | 89.2% |
comparator | |||||
 traditional methords | 5 | 0.81 | 0.15, 1.47 | 0.02 | 82.6% |
 other digital methods | 10 | 0.35 | −0.25, 0.95 | 0.25 | 90.2% |
duration | |||||
 <  1 day | 10 | 0.35 | 0.18, 0.52 | 0.00 | 89.4% |
 ≥1 day | 5 | 0.71 | 0.42, 1.10 | 0.00 | 84.4% |