Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Halbach 2005

Pre/post survey

2000-01,

2001-02,

2002-03

New York Medical College (USA)

3/572

Standardized patients;

Family physicians;

Behavioral medicine faculty

Family medicine clerkship

4 hours/1

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

Madigosky 2006

Pre/post survey

2003-2004

University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine (USA)

2/92

Volunteer faculty;

Ethicists;

Medical education experts

Introduction to patient care course

10.5 hours/NR

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

Moskowitz 2007

Pre/post survey

2005

Jefferson Medical College (USA)

3/229

Staff in medical education and health care;

Clinical faculty in different specialties;

High-level directors from four institutes#

Plenary session and workshops

1 day

×

×

×

×

×

Anderson 2009

Control study

Pre/post survey

NR

University of Leicester (UK)

NR/199

Medical education experts

First-aid care course

1 day/9

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

Patey 2009

Pre survey

2004.9-2005.6

Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (UK)

4/110

Anesthetists, physician; industrial psychologist;Clinical psychologist

Core curriculum

5 hours/11

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

Paxton 2009

Pre/post survey

2005.12-2006.12

Henry Ford Hospital (USA)

2+3+4/2+33+1

Surgical residents; Attending staff;

Teaching assistants

Clinical rotation

1.5 hours/NR

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

Gunderson 2009

Pre/post survey

2006 spring

University of Illinois at Chicago (USA)

NR/18

Course directors;

Observing faculty; Risk-management experts

Optional courses

30 hours/NR

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

Total

NR/1256

5

4

4

2

3

3

4

2

7

3

5

1

5

3

1

2