Effects of developing scenario learning in a fundamental nursing course: a pilot study

This pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of developing scenario learning (DSL) on team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving in a fundamental nursing course. A total of 53 second-year nursing students were enrolled in the study; the DSL nursing education program was implemented for 15 weeks from March 4 to June 17, 2021. Data on team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving were measured before and after the DSL-based nursing education program. The collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0. The results demonstrated that nursing students’ team efficacy (t = − 8.228, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 1.079), systems thinking (t = − 9.757, p < .001, Cohen’s d = .731), and proactivity in problem-solving (t = − 8.635, p < .001, Cohen’s d = .992) significantly increased after the program. The findings of this study can contribute to the development of nursing competency in nursing students without experience in nursing practicum. The authors recommend incorporating DSL in the nursing curriculum to promote early adaptation in clinical settings.


Background
Practical forms of knowledge critical to the core competencies valued in the twenty-first century-problemsolving, language competence, self-directedness, and leadership-are imperative for learners. These help promote success in life and/or advance their professional career [1]. Curricula for nursing students, who must acquire nursing competencies, encompass theoretical and practical field knowledge and are designed to help students build a thought process appropriate for nursing professionals [2]. Education enables nursing students to become competent nurses who plan and administer multi-dimensional and cost-effective care by integrating their knowledge and skills based on social duty and ethics [3]. Although the dramatic advances in the healthcare environment in recent years have bolstered patient safety, emphasis on patients' rights has decreased the opportunities for nursing students to acquire handson experience in patient care and deal with nursing issues in clinical settings [4]. Additionally, the excessive emergence of new nursing schools to meet the growing demand for nurses has led to a shortage of nursing practicum sites, further shifting the hands-on learning paradigm required for practicum to observation-focused learning [5]. Newly-graduate nurses face a transition shock, work-related stress, and perceived inadequacy due to the disparity between their education in school and the competencies demanded by the clinical practice [6]. This, in turn, leads to a high turnover rate and an increasing number of nurses on leave, thereby creating gaps in Open Access *Correspondence: jmpark@pusan.ac.kr their nursing careers. Therefore, a nursing curriculum based on program outcomes emphasizes the use of various teaching methods for practice-focused competency training [7], and teaching approaches such as problembased learning (PBL), simulation, flip learning, and action learning are employed.
Developing scenario learning (DSL) is a learning strategy combining elements of PBL and role-play; it allows students to reflect on various perspectives and interpretations of a scenario by developing the scenario themselves [8]. PBL is a fundamentally static learning strategy that facilitates and nurtures students' competencies through a structured process with clear-cut problems [9]. Even if a scenario reflecting a real-world clinical situation is implemented, the set framework of the scenario cannot be altered during learning; thus, the focus is purely on an individual's ability to respond to problems [8,10]. DSL trains students to respond to environmental changes and reevaluate a piece of information beyond the initial interpretation as the problem at hand evolves. Hence, it facilitates the achievement of learning goals by promoting a problem-solving process that reflects the clinical scenario, critical thinking, confidence, and creativity [9,11]. Moreover, coupling the key advantage of role playsperforming an unfamiliar role and perspective based on their individual beliefs [12]-with nursing major courses is believed to help nursing students adjust quickly to clinical settings by acquiring core competencies required for the same.
Multidisciplinary approaches are needed to resolve patients' problems in patient-centered care, with team efficacy being an essential competency demanded of nursing students. Team-learning activities provoke intrinsic motivation, such as team efficacy, and contribute to stimulating the proactive sharing of information among college students [13]. In a meta-analysis of 67 studies, Gully et al. [14] reported that team efficacy boosts confidence among team members and significantly influences work generalization and the outcomes of work. Thus, it is necessary to investigate whether DSL, which involves developing a scenario and resolving problems, is a learning strategy that enhances team efficacy.
Systems thinking refers to the ability to integrate various pieces of knowledge and intuitively view interactions among constructs to learn the entire system effectively [15]. To gain an adequate understanding of system-based patient-centered care to promote the safety and quality of care, nursing students are required to develop an understanding of the overall health management system, as opposed to tackling fragmentary problems affecting individuals [16]. There is no single process for deriving and resolving a problem [8]. Thus, systems thinking has benefits in the complex process of listing various relevant factors when identifying the problem and discussing the various methods to solve the same.
Proactivity in problem-solving refers to recognizing the problem at hand and appropriately responding to any issues that arise while solving the task [17]. As patients in need of care face a disease-specific and multi-dimensional problem situation, nurses are demanded to employ proactive and systematic problem-solving skills. However, an observation-focused nursing practicum is a serious barrier to problem-solving training among nursing students; further, it hinders their use of problem-solving skills in clinical practice following graduation [18]. Therefore, the nursing curricula should expose nursing students to various problem-solving situations and foster a participatory attitude toward problem-solving in the organization. Scenario-based learning has been reported to increase knowledge and/or creative ability for problem-solving by inducing a deep understanding of information [19].
One of the studies that reported the effects of DSL, which also involved the sharing of feedback, examined the effects of emergency patient triage training through a scenario development process and role-play [20]. Further, a hybrid study examined nursing students' perception of rudeness using DSL [21]; additionally, another study developed a corrective learning program using role-play for nursing students [22]. However, these studies did not adopt a clear definition of DSL and present evidence. DSL has often been studied without being distinguished from learning strategies that combine existing learning methods. Moreover, the strategies were focused on the outcome-centered feedback from the instructor, as opposed to the development of a scenario, thus impairing the understanding of the essence and learning outcomes of DSL.
This study aimed to implement a DSL program for second-year nursing students following the multi-phase protocol outlined by Dalziel [8] and the Core Clinical Nursing Skills Assessment Protocol Version 4.1 (2018), developed by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education (KABONE). The objective was to assess the effects of DSL on team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving to determine the program's efficacy. The authors believe that DSL can help educate nursing students, enabling them to demonstrate their core clinical competencies in nursing practicum. This will ensure that they quickly adjust to clinical settings as newly graduated nursing professionals embarking on their nursing careers.
This pilot study aimed to develop and apply a DSL strategy in a fundamental nursing course and evaluate the effects of DSL on nursing students' team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving. Baek et al. BMC Medical Education (2022) 22:402

Study design
This pilot study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design to investigate the effects of DSL on team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving in second-year nursing students.

Participants
Fifty-three second-year nursing students signed an informed consent form to participate in the study. The sample size was determined using the G*power 3.1.2 program. For the difference from constant (one sample case) with an effect size of 0.5, a significance level of 0.05, and a power of 0.90, the minimum sample size was calculated to be 44. The sample size was determined to be 53, considering a 20% dropout rate. Students who took the 15-week fundamental nursing course from March 4 to June 17, 2021, completed the study questionnaire. There are no incomplete questionnaires; all data from 53 students were included in the final analysis.

Development of the DSL-based nursing education program
To develop the DSL-based fundamental nursing education program, the course syllabus and lesson flow chart were prepared. Thus, the five phases of the DSL model were applied, underpinned by the theoretical basis of core clinical nursing skills and objectives of the fundamental nursing course ( Table 1). The DSL model comprises five phases: phase 1-introducing the overall learning experience-sharing of pre-learning; phase 2-preparation of the components-fishbone-identifying the problem, in which students reflect on the scenario through discussions; phase 3-development of a scenario-writing lines, in which students come up with a draft scenario; phase 4-finalization of scenario-application of background, investigation of theoretical evidence, and finalization of the storyboard, in which students reached a consensus on the final scenario; and, phase 5-re-finalization of the scenario-reformulation based on discussion, in which students reviewed and reflected on the interpretations of the initial scenario [9]. The program was designed as a 15-week, 2-credit course (2 hours) in accordance with the curriculum of the school of study. The program was developed by a panel comprising three professors with more than 10 years of clinical nursing experience and 3 years of teaching experience in the fundamental nursing course and three staff assistants with greater than 5 years of clinical nursing experience.
In the content development stage, four core nursing skills (intermittent gastric tube feeding, intradermal injection, subcutaneous injection, and intramuscular injection) were selected from 20 core nursing skills presented by the KABONE, considering the rate of students' needs. The assessment protocol for the corresponding core nursing skills was used. Further, online video lectures were recorded, and templates were prepared, for therapeutic communication analysis and skill-centered scenario development report for the program.

Implementation of the DSL-based nursing education program
Of the total 15 weeks of fundamental nursing classes, 3 weeks of orientation were conducted. After 4 weeks The participants were divided into five teams, and each team comprised seven to eight individuals. In the 13th week, a video was produced while role-playing with the final scenario. In the 14th week, the instructor provided feedback using the learning goal and scenario evaluation tool through a presentation, and the learning activities of phases 4 and 5 were completed. The theme of the DSL-based nursing education program developed by each team is presented in Table 2. An example of the developed finalized scenario is presented in Table 3.
In this study, Phase 1 of DSL involved the sharing of initial learning experiences within teams. The students viewed the video lectures, read studies related to core basic nursing skills in advance, and shared their understanding and interpretation of the learning materials with their team during the class. Phase 2 comprised students developing an outline of their scenario through discussion. They chose one core nursing skill and set their skill-focused learning goals and events that may occur while administering the skill accordingly. They used a fishbone diagram to ensure diversity and clarity of nursing problems that may occur while performing the skill. Phase 3 consisted of students developing the draft scenario. They experienced the development of diverse scenarios by writing out several possible cases of conversation scripts and analyses, integrating each event with the identified nursing problems, continuously discussing them with the team, and searching for theoretical evidence. In Phase 4, students reached a consensus on the scenario development. They developed a scenario storyboard using the script chosen by the team members and reflecting the contextual features of the patients involved. In Phase 5, students reviewed the interpretations of the initial scenario. They assigned each other roles based on their team's storyboard and performed the role-play. They filmed their role-play for presentation and discussion during the class. Further, they wrote a reflection journal to share and reflect on their experiences during scenario development.

Team efficacy
The authors used the eight items of the team efficacy subscale used in the study by Marshall and Lori [23] and modified and validated by Kwon [24]; these were rated on a five-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 8 to 40, and a higher score indicates higher team efficacy. The reliability of the tool was Cronbach's α = .96 in the study by Kwon [24] and .88 and .95 before and after the intervention, respectively, in this study.

Systems thinking
The tool developed by Lee et al. [25] was used. This 20-item tool comprises five domains, with four items each for systems thinking, personal proficiency, mental model, shared vision, and team learning. Each item is rated on a five-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 20 to 100, and a higher score indicates greater systems thinking. The reliability of the tool was Cronbach's α = .83 at the time of development of the tool and .81 and .86 before and after the intervention, respectively, in this study.

Proactivity in problem-solving
From the five-factor scale for team skills developed by Marshall and Lori [23], the authors used the eight items of the adaptability factor adapted by Kwon [24]. Each item is rated on a five-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 8 to 40, and a higher score indicates greater proactivity in problem-solving. The reliability of the tool was Cronbach's α = .77 in the study by Kwon [24] and .77 and .92 before and after the intervention, respectively, in this study.

Data analysis
The collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0 (SPSS New York, USA). The participants' demographic characteristics were analyzed with the real number and percentage of mean and standard deviation. Further, the changes in team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving after the implementation of the DSL nursing education program were analyzed with paired t-tests. To investigate

Demographic characteristics
The participants' mean age was 19  · Hand hygiene · Patient identification · Problem assessment · Select related core skills Perform the intradermal injection accurately ■ Nurse: (Choose an injection site and take a comfortable position and wash hands) I will do a skin test on your right arm. It will sting slightly (draw the injection site boundary after intradermal injection, and write the date, time, and drug name). ·Performing core skills · Proceed with the correct procedure Solve problems through verbal and non-verbal communication ■ Nurse: (After 15 minutes) Show me the area marked with the ballpoint pen (check the degree of redness and swelling). There is a possibility that the test will be positive. Have you ever touched the injection site? Let's check again. ■ Patient: Why are you doing it again? Isn't it strange that it's an antibiotic or something? You said I was allergic. Shouldn't you find out more before giving an injection? ■ Nurse: Yes. You're right. As this can happen, I asked you a question before the reaction test, but there is a point after which I am not supposed to check again without consulting the doctor. I'll check for itching or hives. Are you feeling out of breath? ■ Patient: Did someone else's injections go wrong? ■ Nurse: You haven't been on antibiotics yet. As I explained at the beginning, the antibiotic was not administered because the reaction test was performed before the antibiotic injection. So don't worry too much. We asked you several troublesome questions to protect your safety. Thank you for answering the question, although it is difficult. Do you have any more questions?

Discussion
This pilot study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate the effects of the DSL in a fundamental nursing course on team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving in nursing students. The participants' team efficacy score increased from 3.70 before the program to 4.23 after the program. This is consistent with a previous study's findings that demonstrated an improvement of team efficacy after team-based learning, such as simulation education and blended learning [26,27]. Team efficacy refers to team members' belief that their team can successfully undertake a particular task; team members are influenced by other members' beliefs, faith, and behavior as they coordinate their own behaviors [14]. It is believed that the DSL introduced in the course naturally increases team efficacy by making the group actively create scenarios and perform the role-playing process with various perspectives. The participants' systems thinking improved from 3.50 before receiving the program to 3.79 after the program. These results were similar to those of Cho and Hwang [28], who studied nursing students by utilizing the same tool and obtained lower scores than those of Im and Lee [29], who applied a writing program to improve systems thinking. Systems thinking is a useful method to analyze the whole without being constrained by the cross-sectional area, understand the interactions of various factors  when making decisions, and solve problems [30]. In this study, it is believed that the systems thinking ability was expressed while analyzing cyclical scenario questions, discussion process, and dialog book according to the step-by-step procedure of the theoretical framework and while writing a reflection journal. Further, in this study, personal proficiency, mental model, and shared visionthe subscales of systems thinking-significantly improved after the program. Systems thinking is the ability to think with the attributes of a dynamic system, a holistic view, and a transformational aspect [29,31]. DSL involves analysis and transformational thinking for a wide range of environments through self-change and constant interaction with the outside world in the process of moving forward. Moazez et al. [32] investigated nurses' perceptions of nursing stability and systems thinking. They stated that systems thinking was an influential factor in enhancing nurses' stability and quality; in terms of healthcare, it has been studied as a major competency in preventing infection control and negative health-related outcomes [33]. Thus, systems thinking will be established as an essential competency in dealing with nursing problems composed of complex causal relationships and improving the nursing process. Proactivity in problem-solving in nursing students improved to 3.56, which further improved to 4.07 after the program was provided. These results are inconsistent with the study of Byeon [34], which indicated no significant change in proactivity in problem-solving before and after the simulation-based integrated practicum. However, in their study, proactivity in problem-solving improved to a level similar to that in previous studies using the same tools for the same subject group [17,28,35], which is consistent with the results of this study. Problem-solving is a cognitive and behavioral process that requires a high-level thinking process. It provides a series of practical solutions to accumulate effective decision-making processes and select the most appropriate solution [36]. The approach to problem-solving is an essential factor for nursing students educated to become professional nurses. This is because rational and reasonable thinking, creativity, intuition, and imagination are introduced to enable clinical judgment or reasoning on nursing problems. DSL approaches are believed to have raised the level of proactivity in problem-solving of the study participants by providing opportunities to collaborate through communication and coordination with members and actively participate in problem-solving [37] in the curriculum.
This study's findings identified that DSL is effective in team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving in nursing students. Considering that DSL was effective for lower-grade students without clinical experience, it is necessary to repeatedly study it as a learning method to help nursing students adapt early to the clinical settings.

Conclusions
This pilot study provides initial evidence that a DSLbased nursing education program in a fundamental nursing course improves nursing students' team efficacy, systems thinking, and proactivity in problem-solving. However, this study has limitations in generalizing the results because the convenience sampling method was used to recruit nursing students from one university, and the control group was not assigned. Based on the above results, the following recommendations are made. First, it is necessary to increase the accuracy of the DSL effect by assigning experimental and control groups and controlling exogenous variables due to the educational environment. Second, it is necessary to introduce DSL methods into various subjects in addition to the fundamental nursing education program and develop and apply modules.