Table 2 The mean score and standard deviation of the structural empowerment in the two groups during the pre-test and post-test stages and the results of the repeated measures ANOVA

Variable

Group

Before the study

one week after the study

One year after the study

Time

Group

Interaction effect

Structural empowerment

Intervention

92.64 ± 12.97

121.05 ± 18.03

105.09 ± 11.35

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Control

89.75 ± 9.21

95.65 ± 13.36

98.20 ± 11.85

(η² = 0.372)

(η2 = 0.298)

(η² = 0.222)