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Table 2 Examples of real-time measures of student engagement in technology-enhanced learning (TEL) environments in health professions education

From: Measurement of student engagement in health professions education: a review of literature

Behavioral engagement

Percent of student attendance

Number of times each student accessed an online course

Number of topics visited in discussion board

Number of posts read

Number of replies to online posts

Number of threads created

Number of posts click, likes, shares, or comments

Number of questions asked in discussion groups

Number of times student logged into the course Web site

Number of courses each student reported watching

Number of times each student completed the assignment

Cognitive engagement

Student completion of online tasks

Time spent online

Time spent on questions and answers

Time spent on class activities

Time students spent on the study material

Quality of the asked questions

Quality of student narrative responses to other students’ posts

Eye tracking

Heart rate

EEG

Emotional engagement

Skin conductance

ECG

Facial expressions