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Table 3 Results of hypotheses testing

From: Factors influencing the complex problem-solving skills in reflective learning: results from partial least square structural equation modeling and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis

Hypothesized path

t value

p value

Conclusion

Personal Distress → CPS skills

2.063

0.039

H1 is supported

Perspective-Taking → CPS skills

8.252

0.000

H3 is supported

Fantasy → Empathic Concern

2.243

0.025

H7b is supported

Perspective-Taking → Empathic Concern

6.603

0.000

H7c is supported

Empathic Concern → CPS skills

4.194

0.000

H7d is supported

Algorithmic Thinking → Critical Thinking

5.897

0.000

H8a is supported

Creativity → Critical Thinking

5.287

0.000

H8b is supported

Cooperativity → Critical Thinking

3.468

0.001

H8c is supported

Critical Thinking → CPS skills

3.141

0.002

H8d is supported