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Table 1 The Constructed Items Measurement Model

From: Factors influencing the complex problem-solving skills in reflective learning: results from partial least square structural equation modeling and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis

Scale constructs

Outer loadings

Fantasy (CR = 0.857, CA = 0.749, AVE = 0.669) a

When I am reading an interesting story or novel, I imagine how I would feel if the events in the story were happening to me (F1)

0.678

I get really involved with the feelings of the characters in a novel (F2)

0.908

After seeing a play or movie, I have felt as though I were one of the characters (F3)

0.851

Perspective-taking (CR = 0.815, CA = 0.571, AVE = 0.669) a

*If I am sure I am right about something, I do not waste much time listening to other people’s arguments (PT1)

0.741

*I sometimes find it difficult to see things from the “other guy’s” point of view (PT2)

0.912

Personal distress (CR = 0.814, CA = 0.774, AVE = 0.603) a

In emergency situations, I feel apprehensive and ill-at-ease (PD1)

0.758

Being in a tense emotional situation scares me (PD2)

0.727

I tend to lose control during emergencies (PD3)

0.966

Empathic concern (CR = 0.912, CA = 0.855, AVE = 0.777) a

*When I see someone being treated unfairly, I sometimes do not feel very much pity for them (EC1)

0.851

*Usually I am not extremely concerned when I see someone else in trouble.

(EC2)

0.937

*Sometimes I do not feel sorry for other people when they are having problems. (EC3)

0.854

Algorithmic Thinking (CR = 0.949, CA = 0.919, AVE = 0.860) b

I believe that I can easily catch the relation between the figures (AT1)

0.898

I can express mathematically the solutions to the problems I face in the daily life (AT2)

0.950

I can digitize a mathematical problem expressed verbally (AT3)

0.934

Creativity (CR = 0.871, CA = 0.777, AVE = 0.693) b

I like the people who are sure of most of their decisions (C1)

0.768

I believe that I can solve the problems that possibly occur when I encounter a new situation (C2)

0.950

I trust my intuitions and feelings of “trueness” and “wrongness” when I approach the solution to a problem (C3)

0.823

Cooperativity (CR = 0.929, CA = 0.890, AVE = 0.815) b

I like experiencing cooperative learning together with my group of friends (CA1)

0.871

I like solving problems related to a group project together with my friends in cooperative learning (CA2)

0.931

More ideas occur in cooperative learning (CA3)

0.905

Critical Thinking (CR = 0.924, CA = 0.877, AVE = 0.803) b

I am good at preparing regular plans regarding the solution of complex problems (CT1)

0.893

I am proud of being able to think with great precision (CT2)

0.880

I make use of a systematic method while comparing the options at hand and while reaching a decision (CT3)

0.915

Problem Solving (CR = 0.921, CA = 0.871, AVE = 0.795) b

 

*I have problems in the issue of where and how I should use the variables such as X and Y in the solution of a problem (PS1)

0.893

*I cannot produce many options while thinking of the possible solutions to a problem (PS2)

0.928

*I cannot develop my own ideas in the environment of cooperative learning (PS3)

0.853

  1. (a) Adapted from IRI (1980). (b) Adopted from CTS (2017)
  2. Note: PD = Personal Distress, F = Fantasy, PT = Perspective-Taking, EC = Empathic Concern, AT = Algorithmic Thinking, C = Creativity, CA = Cooperativity, CT = Critical Thinking, PS = CPS skills