Table 3 Pharmaceutical students’ overall improvement throughout the five experiments (N = 27)

Dimension

 Clarity

2.44(0.75)/3.56(0.64)^*

2.85(0.53)/3.00(0.11)^*

3.41(0.74)/4.00(0.05)^*

3.41(0.75)/4.00(0.14)^*

3.00(0.27)/3.00(0.10)^*

0.212

1.76–5.40

< 0.0001

 Accuracy

0.78(0.42)/2.07(0.92)^*

1.89(0.16)/2.30(0.08)^*

2.00(1.54)/3.44(0.75)^*

3.15(0.66)/3.85(0.36)^*

1.85(0.36)/2.70(0.47)^*

0.539

0.30–0.82

0.0063

 Precision

1.52(0.94)/2.52(1.22)^*

2.78(0.42)/3.00(0.22)^*

2.93(0.83)/3.78(0.42)^*

3.33(0.48)/3.85(0.36)^*

2.67(0.48)/3.00(0.02)^*

0.381

0.32–0.85

0.0085

 Relevance

2.44(0.93)/2.85(0.66)^*

2.30(0.47)/2.81(0.40)^*

2.22(1.25)/3.78(0.42)^*

2.85(0.66)/3.85(0.36)^*

1.93(0.92)/2.52(0.51)^*

0.216

2.15–6.24

< 0.0001

 Depth

0.78(0.42)/2.37(0.83)^*

0.70(0.47)/1.63(0.74)^*

1.11(1.05)/3.33(1.07)^*

1.52(0.51)/3.00(0.55)^*

0.93(0.82)/2.52(0.51)^*

0.485

0.52–1.03

0.0714

 Breadth

1.15(0.36)/2.07(0.92)^*

0.15(0.36)/0.78(0.70)^*

0.30(0.47)/0.78(0.70)^*

1.30(0.47)/3.04(0.93)^*

0.48(0.75)/2.15(0.66)^*

0.426

0.60–0.91

0.0045

 Logic

0.78(0.70)/2.22(0.80)^*

1.04(0.81)/2.48(0.51)^*

1.48(1.25)/3.93(0.27)^*

3.19(0.74)/3.85(0.36)^*

1.93(0.92)/2.67(0.48)^*

0.515

0.32–0.79

0.0027

 Significance

0.78(0.42)/2.22(0.80)^*

1.00(0.55)/2.07(0.73)^*

1.33(1.24)/2.85(1.43)^*

1.37(0.49)/3.00(0.55)^*

0.63(0.74)/2.44(0.51)^*

0.452

0.98–2.27

0.0628

 Fairness

0.93(0.62)/2.37(0.84)^*

0.81(0.68)/2.00(0.55)^*

0.81(1.04)/2.85(1.20)^*

1.56(0.51)/3.04(0.98)^*

0.63(0.74)/2.52(0.51)^*

0.422

0.68–1.39

0.8854