Table 5 Multivariable analysis using the GLM method

Perception of Research Integration Questionnaire

 Age

-0.52

0.45

-1.89

0.85

 Knowledge about research

4.30

 < 0.001

2.55

6.05

 Attitude towards research

2.44

0.01

0.71

4.18

 Gender (Female vs. Male^*)

3.28

0.33

-3.30

9.85

 Academic year (Graduate students vs. first^*)

5.38

0.44

-8.38

19.14

 Academic year (Four and above vs. first^*)

13.08

0.07

-1.05

27.20

 Academic year (Third vs. first^*)

7.19

0.16

-2.96

17.33

 Academic year (Second vs. first^*)

4.50

0.22

-2.66

11.66

 GPA (Highest vs. lowest^*)

3.04

0.40

-4.10

10.19

 GPA (Average vs. lowest^*)

4.92

0.20

-2.66

12.50

 Monthly income (Highest vs. no income^*)

13.37

0.02

2.55

24.19

 Monthly income (Moderate vs. no income^*)

8.26

0.12

-2.12

18.63

 Monthly income (Low vs. no income^*)

-3.81

0.46

-13.94

6.33

 Highest level of education (Graduate vs. undergraduate^*)

-7.09

0.08

-15.03

0.85

 Major of study (Health, medicine, and science vs. other)

6.13

0.05

-0.03

12.28

 Current university (LIU vs. other)

8.44

0.03

1.04

15.83

 Current university (LU vs. other)

-0.91

0.82

-8.96

7.14

 Employment status (Employed vs. unemployed^*)

0.95

0.83

-7.93

9.83

SET37-QS (highest research activity)

 Age

-0.35

0.14

-0.83

0.12

 Knowledge about research

1.26

 < 0.001

0.65

1.86

 Attitude towards research

0.99

 < 0.001

0.39

1.59

 Gender (Female vs. Male^*)

1.46

0.21

-0.81

3.72

 Academic year (Graduate students vs. first^*)

2.57

0.29

-2.17

7.32

 Academic year (Four and above vs. first^*)

4.18

0.09

-0.69

9.05

 Academic year (Third vs. first^*)

2.91

0.10

-0.59

6.41

 Academic year (Second vs. first^*)

0.94

0.46

-1.53

3.40

 GPA (Highest vs. lowest^*)

0.82

0.51

-1.65

3.28

 GPA (Average vs. lowest^*)

1.79

0.18

-0.82

4.40

 Monthly income (highest vs. no income^*)

1.53

0.42

-2.20

5.26

 Monthly income (Moderate vs. no income^*)

3.79

0.04

0.21

7.37

 Monthly income (Low vs. no income^*)

-0.60

0.74

-4.09

2.90

 Highest level of education (Graduate vs. undergraduate^*)

-1.39

0.32

-4.13

1.35

 Major of study (Health, medicine, and science vs. other)

1.76

0.10

-0.37

3.88

 Current university (LIU vs. other)

2.34

0.07

-0.21

4.89

 Current university (LU vs. other)

-2.16

0.13

-4.94

0.61

 Employment status (Employed vs. unemployed^*)

-1.37

0.38

-4.43

1.69

SET37-QS (Lowest research activity)

 Age

-0.03

0.90

-0.46

0.40

 Knowledge about research

0.53

0.06

-0.02

1.09

 Attitude towards research

0.81

 < 0.001

0.26

1.35

 Gender (Female vs. Male^*)

0.53

0.61

-1.54

2.60

 Academic year (Graduate students vs. first^*)

0.19

0.93

-4.14

4.52

 Academic year (Four and above vs. first^*)

1.37

0.55

-3.08

5.82

 Academic year (Third vs. first^*)

-0.65

0.69

-3.85

2.54

 Academic year (Second vs. first^*)

0.71

0.54

-1.55

2.96

 GPA (Highest vs. lowest^*)

1.05

0.36

-1.20

3.30

 GPA (Average vs. lowest^*)

2.64

0.03

0.25

5.02

 Monthly income (highest vs. no income^*)

3.41

0.05

0.00

6.81

 Monthly income (Moderate vs. no income^*)

3.54

0.03

0.27

6.80

 Monthly income (Low vs. no income^*)

0.57

0.73

-2.62

3.76

 Highest level of education (Graduate vs undergraduate^*)

0.67

0.60

-1.83

3.17

 Major of study (Health, medicine, and science vs. other)

0.04

0.97

-1.90

1.98

 Current university (LIU vs. other)

2.79

0.02

0.46

5.11

 Current university (LU vs. other)

-0.57

0.66

-3.10

1.97

 Employment status (Employed vs unemployed^*)

-3.87

0.01

-6.66

-1.07

A-TQAQ (Academic qualification)

 Age

0.08

0.68

-0.32

0.49

 Knowledge about research

0.23

0.39

-0.29

0.74

 Attitude towards research

-0.43

0.10

-0.95

0.08

 Gender (Female vs. Male^*)

1.08

0.27

-0.86

3.02

 Academic year (Graduate students vs. first^*)

1.34

0.52

-2.71

5.39

 Academic year (Four and above vs. first^*)

0.46

0.83

-3.70

4.62

 Academic year (Third vs. first^*)

0.29

0.85

-2.70

3.27

 Academic year (Second vs. first^*)

0.62

0.56

-1.48

2.73

 GPA (Highest vs. lowest^*)

-0.49

0.65

-2.59

1.62

 GPA (Average vs. lowest^*)

0.35

0.76

-1.88

2.59

 Monthly income (highest vs. no income^*)

2.77

0.09

-0.41

5.96

 Monthly income (Moderate vs. no income^*)

2.44

0.12

-0.61

5.50

 Monthly income (Low vs. no income^*)

2.82

0.06

-0.16

5.81

 Highest level of education (Graduate vs. undergraduate^*)

-1.34

0.26

-3.68

1.00

 Major of study (Health, medicine, and science vs. other)

1.32

0.15

-0.49

3.13

 Current university (LIU vs. other)

-0.87

0.43

-3.05

1.31

 Current university (LU vs. other)

-1.39

0.25

-3.76

0.99

 Employment status (Employed vs. unemployed^*)

1.47

0.27

-1.14

4.09

A-TQAQ (Professional Qualifications)

 Age

-0.10

0.58

-0.45

0.25

 Knowledge about research

0.53

0.02

0.08

0.98

 Attitude towards research

-0.38

0.10

-0.82

0.07

 Gender (Female vs. Male^*)

1.58

0.07

-0.11

3.27

 Academic year (Graduate students vs. first^*)

0.33

0.86

-3.21

3.87

 Academic year (Four and above vs. first^*)

1.70

0.36

-1.93

5.33

 Academic year (Third vs. first^*)

0.39

0.77

-2.21

3.00

 Academic year (Second vs. first^*)

1.34

0.15

-0.50

3.18

 GPA (Highest vs. lowest^*)

-0.60

0.52

-2.43

1.24

 GPA (Average vs. lowest^*)

-0.31

0.75

-2.26

1.64

 Monthly income (highest vs. no income^*)

2.26

0.11

-0.52

5.04

 Monthly income (Moderate vs. no income^*)

3.17

0.02

0.50

5.84

 Monthly income (Low vs. no income^*)

1.93

0.15

-0.67

4.54

 Highest level of education (Graduate vs. undergraduate^*)

0.06

0.96

-1.99

2.10

 Major of study (Health, medicine, and science vs. other)

1.41

0.08

-0.17

3.00

 Current university (LIU vs. other)

-1.64

0.09

-3.55

0.26

 Current university (LU vs. other)

-1.95

0.06

-4.02

0.12

 Employment status (Employed vs. unemployed^*)

0.52

0.65

-1.76

2.80