Table 4 Medical students’ perception and attitude toward antibiotic resistance and use before and after the course (Mean ± SD)

Do you think you are sufficiently prepared to do the following after graduation?

Realize when to start antibiotic therapy

2.86 ± 0.45

2.88 ± 0.38

0.821

Select the best antibiotic for each specific infection

2.52 ± 0.64

2.68 ± 0.47

0.159

Correlate the basic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in clinical context

2.52 ± 0.64

2.80 ± 0.40

0.007

Able of interpreting antibiograms

2.14 ± 0.75

2.48 ± 0.57

0.010*

Able to get reliable sources of information to treat infections

2.34 ± 0.87

2.66 ± 0.59

0.029*

Realize why we switched from intravenous antibiotics to oral antimicrobials

2.52 ± 0.67

2.54 ± 0.61

0.875

Proper antibiotic prescription:

Patient's request of antibiotic is an indication for its prescription

2.44 ± 0.83

2.44 ± 0.83

1.000*

Antibiotics’ sale without prescription should be prohibited

2.66 ± 0.59

2.82 ± 0.43

0.088

In the presence of a cough and a sore throat, antibiotics are my first-choice treatment

2.60 ± 0.75

2.30 ± 0.86

0.054*

I stop taking antibiotics when I feel better or when symptoms disappear

2.64 ± 0.66

2.28 ± 0.90

0.008*

I usually know when I need antibiotics

1.94 ± 0.84

1.90 ± 0.76

0.802*

Proper antibiotic use

Missing one or two doses of an antibiotic treatment does not contribute to antibiotic resistance

2.44 ± 0.78

2.28 ± 0.75

0.226*

Antibiotics are safe, so they could be commonly used

2.76 ± 0.51

1.56 ± 0.81

0.000*

Role as health care promoter

I can describe the role of each profession in appropriate antibiotic use

2.16 ± 0.84

2.52 ± 0.67

0.022*

I can communicate about antibiotic use in a manner that engages the members of health team

2.24 ± 0.84

2.64 ± 0.63

0.013*

I can describe collaborative approaches to appropriate antibiotic use

2.02 ± 0.79

2.30 ± 0.73

0.049*

Training or education about antibiotics and resistance is very important for medical students

2.70 ± 0.58

2.86 ± 0.49

0.132

When someone self-medicates with antibiotics, I try to persuade him/her not to do so

2.76 ± 0.55

2.86 ± 0.45

0.341

I have informed family and friends about the risks associated with the use of non-prescribed antibiotics

2.68 ± 0.68

2.72 ± 0.67

0.687

Resistance preventive measures

I am confident that the development of new and effective drugs will keep pace with the growing rate of antibiotic resistance

2.10 ± 0.76

1.94 ± 0.73

0.240*

I have taken infection control measures to prevent antibiotic resistance

2.56 ± 0.64

2.60 ± 0.72

0.735

I adopt more precautions when using antibiotics after learning about antibiotic resistance

2.80 ± 0.53

2.76 ± 0.55

0.719

Total score

52.38 ± 5.53

56.84 ± 5.86

0.000