Table 1 Brief overview^a of commonly used models for teaching and learning in the OR-based environment

Lyon’s Model

The model focuses on the process of intentional learning. It is conceptualized around 3 key domains: the challenge posed by the physical environment; the challenge of an educational task and the challenge of mastering and negotiating the role of a participant in an operating theatre workplace.

Robert’s Briefing-Intraoperative Teaching-Debriefing (BID) Model

The BID model adopts the principles of deliberate practice by focusing both teacher and student on a single goal that guides intraoperative teaching. Intraoperative instruction consists of immediate feedback and guidance guided by specific learning objectives and pre-existing teacher learning scripts. The debriefing element consolidates the learning that occurred in the operation through student reflection.

Peyton’s 4 STEP Model

Peyton’s teaching approach is a step-by-step teaching approach and consists of the following four steps: demonstration, deconstruction, understanding and performance.

4C/ID Model

An ID model is a guide or framework from which an instructional designer creates instructional material or a course. The four components of the 4C/ID model were propagated by Merrienboer and Kirschner (2007). This model has four components: learning tasks, supporting information, procedural information, subtasks.