Type of presence | Design principles |
---|---|
Cognitive presence | • Provide an opportunity for students to gain first exposure prior to class • Provide clear connections between in-class and out-of-class activities • Provide clearly defined and well-structured guidance |
Social presence | • Provide facilitation for building a learning community • Provide technologies that are familiar and easy to access |
Teaching presence | • Provide an incentive for students to prepare for class • Provide a mechanism to assess student understanding • Provide prompt/adaptive feedback on individual or group work |
Learner presence | • Provide enough time for students to carry out assignments |