| Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) |
---|---|
Individual variables | |
 Gender (Ref: Male) | |
  Female | 1.07 (-1.03 to 3.17) |
  Others | -3.54 (-12.48 to 5.39) |
 Level of training (Ref: PGY 1–2) | |
  PGY 3–6 | 8.64** (6.18 to 11.09) |
 Department (Ref: Surgery) | |
  Internal medicine | 1.00 (-2.49 to 4.50) |
  Other departments | 1.47 (-2.03 to 4.96) |
Unit variables | |
 Hospital size (Ref: ≥ 1001 beds) | |
  ≤ 500 beds | -1.24 (-5.67 to 3.19) |
  501–800 beds | -2.40 (-7.47 to 2.67) |
  801–1000 beds | -3.42 (-9.87 to 3.03) |
 Hospital type (Ref: University hospital) | |
  Community hospital | -1.03 (-5.67 to 3.62) |
 Medical care system (Ref: Multiple shujii system (team system)) | |
  Single shujii system | 1.46 (-0.86 to 3.79) |
 Number of team members (Ref: ≥ 7) | |
  ≤ 2 | 0.11 (-3.24 to 3.45) |
  3–4 | -1.00 (-4.06 to 2.05) |
  5–6 | -0.76 (-4.12 to 2.60) |
 Number of inpatients in charge (Ref: ≤ 3) | |
  4–6 | -0.23 (-2.66 to 2.21) |
  7–9 | 1.78 (-1.52 to 5.09) |
  ≥ 10 | 1.76 (-1.24 to 4.77) |
 Average working hours per week | 0.02 (-0.06 to 0.11) |
 Number of calls during off-hours per month (Ref: 0) | |
  ≥ 1 | 2.51* (0.17 to 4.85) |
 Perceived level of the workplace as a learning environment | 1.39** (0.88 to 1.90) |