Table 1 Risk of bias assessment (adapted from Gordon et al. [12])
Bias source | High quality | Unclear quality | Low quality |
|---|---|---|---|
Underpinning bias | Clear description of the reasoning underpinning adaptations to the clinical examination including local COVID-19 restrictions | Some limited discussion of underpinning, with no description of local COVID-19 restrictions | No mention of underpinning |
Setting bias | Clear details of the assessment location and participant characteristics (of examiners, candidates and patients) in the study | Some limited description of setting and participant characteristics | No details of participant characteristics or setting |
Resource bias | Clear description of the cost / time / resources needed for the clinical examination | Some limited description of resources | No mention of resources |
Evaluation bias | Detailed evaluation of the clinical examination in the form of reflections or quantitative evaluation with explanation | Some limited evaluation of the clinical examination | No evaluation |