Table 4 The relationship between the four themes that influence positive social interdependence in online collaborative learning and the three subcategories of social interdependence theory
Themes | Characteristics of online environment | Subcategories | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Means | Boundary | ||
Communication | Strengthening verbal communication Decreasing non-verbal communication Difficulty conducting multiple communication | Increased Decreased Decreased | ||
Task-sharing process | Quick transition to smaller group or individual work Insufficient discussion for integration | — — | — Decreased | Decreased — |
Perception of other groups | Difficulty observing and interacting with other groups | Decreased | – | Decreased |
Working facilities | Use of printed materials at home Easier access of digital materials Performance limitation of devices Group work in the cloud service | — — — Increased | Increased Increased Decreased Increased | – |