Table 1 Round 2 modified TPI questions and true score values

1. Asked for student questions OR paused for student questions [3 s minimum]^a

1 if > 3

2. Used small group discussions or problem solving

1 if 1

2 if > 1

3. Asked students to predict results and then compared observations with predictions^b

1 if ≥ 1

4. Posed a question followed by a small group discussion

2 if > 1

5. Used an audience response system

0

6. Followed an audience response system with a mini-lecture or discussion

1 if > 2

7. Percent of time spent lecturing

2 if 0–59%

1 if 60–79%

0 if 80–100%

8. Asked students to reflect on the lecture and/or their learning at the end of class^c

1 if Yes

9. Expected students to view pre-class material and/or complete a related assignment before or at the start of class^d

2 if Yes

10. Assessed student knowledge at the beginning of the class session

1 if Yes