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Table 1 Hygienic venipuncture of medical students pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 in Germany during 2019–2021 (N = 726)

From: The impact of COVID-19 on medical students’ practical skills and hygiene behavior regarding venipuncture: a case control study

 

All

Before SARS-CoV-2

After SARS-CoV-2

P-value

Number of participants

(N = 726)

(N = 355)

(N = 371)

 

 Winter semester

382 (52.6)

191 (53.8)

191 (48.5)

 

 Summer semester

344 (47.4)

164 (46.2)

180 (51.5)

Scores for other Stations

 Mean relative OSCE score

64.88 ± 8.18

62.53 ± 8.47

67.13 ± 7.22

< .001

 Mean relative score in venipuncture

72.25 ± 16.79

71.87 ± 15.85

74.36 ± 17.4

< .001

Doctor-patient communication

 The patient is not informed about the procedure

146 (20.1)

50 (14.1)

96 (25.9)

< .001

 The patient is informed about the procedure

580 (79.9)

305 (85.9)

275 (74.1)

Preparation of the material

 More than one material or the sharp-safe is missing

211 (29.1)

85 (23.9)

126 (34)

.691

 At least one material is missing

138 (19)

94 (26.5)

44 (11.9)

 Complete and correct preparation of the material

377 (51.9)

176 (49.6)

201 (54.2)

Hygienic hand disinfection and medical gloves prior to patient contact

 Neither hygienic hand disinfection nor medical gloves

16 (2.2)

13 (3.7)

3 (0.8)

< .001

 Medical gloves without prior hand disinfection

61 (8.4)

45 (12.7)

16 (4.3)

 Hand disinfection and medical gloves

649 (89.4)

297 (83.7)

352 (94.9)

Tourniquet usage

 The tourniquet is not applied or disposed of correctly

67 (9.2)

51 (14.4)

16 (4.3)

< .001

 The tourniquet is not applied, while the needle is pulled before disposing of the tourniquet

230 (31.7)

120 (33.8)

110 (29.6)

 The tourniquet is applied and disposed in the correct manner

429 (59.1)

184 (51.8)

245 (66)

Disinfection of the puncture site

 The puncture site is not disinfected, or it is palpated after the disinfection and prior to the venipuncture

86 (11.8)

59 (16.6)

27 (7.3)

< .001

 The puncture site is correctly disinfected

640 (88.1)

296 (83.4)

344 (92.7)

Exposure time of the disinfectant

 30 seconds exposure time is not considered

27 (3.7)

18 (5.1)

9 (2.4)

.06

 30 seconds exposure time is considered

699 (96.3)

337 (94.9)

362 (97.6)

Hygienic needle

 The needle is not sterile or is curved

112 (15.4)

52 (14.6)

60 (16.2)

.57

 The needle is sterile and not curved

614 (84.5)

303 (85.4)

311 (83.9)

Correct venipuncture

 The vein is not punctured

171 (23.6)

81 (22.8)

90 (24.3)

.041

 The vein is punctured the second time

245 (33.7)

105 (29.6)

140 (37.7)

 The vein is punctured the first time

310 (42.7)

169 (47.6)

141 (38)

Discarding the puncture needle

 The needle is not discarded correctly

339 (46.7)

174 (49)

165 (44.5)

.177

 The needle is discarded immediately but not correctly

112 (15.4)

55 (15.5)

57 (15.4)

 The needle is discarded immediately and correctly

175 (37.9)

126 (35.5)

149 (40.2)

Hand disinfection after discarding the medical gloves

 Hands are not disinfected after discarding the medical gloves

445 (61.3)

286 (80.6)

149 (42.9)

.000

 Hands are disinfected after discarding the medical gloves

281 (38.7)

69 (19.4)

212 (57.2)

Structure in the work process

 The work process is not structured

36 (5)

11 (3.1)

25 (6.7)

.024

 The work process is partly structured

176 (24.2)

80 (22.5)

96 (25.9)

 The work process is structured

514 (70.8)

264 (74.4)

250 (67.4)

  1. Counts are described by their frequency and percentage. Continuous variables are described by their mean and standard deviation
  2. Statistic differences between pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 was tested using the Mann-Whitney-U test