Table 1 Knowledge acquisition and application stages of learning across different learning models
Learning Model | Knowledge acquisition | Application and practice |
|---|---|---|
Conventional passive learning | Face-to-face (lecture) | Self-directed (homework) |
Conventional active learning | Face-to-face (Discussions, interactive exercises, case studies) | Collaborative (groupwork) |
Conventional online learning | Digital – synchronous or asynchronous (Live or pre-recorded lecture) | Self-directed (homework) |
Conventional flipped learning | Self-directed (prework) | Face-to-face (Discussions, interactive exercises, case studies) |
Virtual flipped learning | Self-directed (prework/pre-recorded lecture) | Virtual (Discussions, interactive exercises, case studies) |