Table 1 Survey questions aligned with four sources of rural self-efficacy 

Factor 1: Work preferences

 I would like to be concerned with a patient's life throughout treatment

 I would also like to support the patient’s welfare

 I want to be a doctor who walks with the patient and works with the patient on their problems

 I would like to provide continuous care for the patient from an early stage

 I am interested in the patients themselves (e.g., children and older adults)

Factor 2: Evaluation of rural practice

 There are many opportunities in rural areas that can improve one’s career

 Working in a rural area provides more opportunities to practice a variety of skills

 There will be opportunities for community medicine in rural areas

 I am interested in research activities in the rural field

 Rural practice provides greater opportunities for work autonomy

 Factor 3: Rural living preferences

 Living in rural areas does not bother me

 I would like to bring up a child in a rural area

 There are things I enjoy doing in rural areas

Factor 4: Personal character

 I like to talk with people

 I like to talk with medical colleagues (e.g., nurses)