Table 5 ISS to improve clinical skills and patient outcomes: ISS Frequency and authors conclusions

Clinical skills

Coggins 2019 [86]

Mechanical CPR

3 sessions with 4 month follow-up in the CG

Providers receiving additional simulation-based training had higher retention levels of M-CPR skills

Sullivan 2015 [83]

CPR

Every 2, 3 and 6 months

Short ISS training sessions conducted every 3 months are effective in improving timely initiation of chest compressions and defibrillation

Ben-Ari 2018 [80]

Sedation procedures

1 session

Sedation simulation training improves several tasks related to patient safety during sedation

Hamilton 2015 [93]

Open thoracotomy

3 sessions

ISS appears useful for improving team performance during simulated bedside OT

Clinical management Response times

Steinemann 2011 [82]

Trauma resuscitation

1 × 3 h (30-min scenario + 150 min debrief)

A relatively brief simulation-based curriculum can improve the teamwork and clinical performance of trauma teams

Theilan 2013 [89]

Response to deteriorating patients

Weekly (attendance at 10 per year)

Lessons learnt during team training led to sustained improvements in the hospital response to critically deteriorating in-patients, significantly improved patient outcomes and substantial savings

Barni 2018 [79]

Management of anaphylaxis

4 sessions over 3 months (1 h)

ISS improved the correct management of anaphylaxis and led to a higher number of patients being referred to the allergy unit for evaluation

Sleeman 2018 [92]

Hypoglycaemia Identification and treatment

Not reported

Hypoglycaemia ISS training is a positive addition in the education of healthcare professionals. ISS intervention demonstrated favourable outcomes

Generoso 2016 [91]

Nurses’ response to emergencies

1 session (30 min)

Establishing ISS is feasible and well received. This approach appears effective in increasing confidence, initiating life-saving measures, and empowering nurses to manage emergencies

Marshall 2015 [94]

Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage

1 ISS repeated at 9–12 months

Simulation and team training significantly improved postpartum haemorrhage response times among clinically experienced community labour and delivery teams

Survival rates, incidents and outcomes

Knight 2014 [84]

Responding to paediatric cardiac arrest

16 sessions over 18 months

With implementation of Composite Resuscitation Team Training, survival to discharge after paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest improved, as did code team performance

Braddock 2014 [90]

Safety culture and outcomes

4 sessions per month

A multifaceted patient safety program suggested an association with improved hospital acquired complications and weighted, risk-adjusted mortality, and improved nurses’ perceptions of safety culture on inpatient study units

Andreatta 2011 [87]

Resuscitation outcomes

Monthly over 48 months

Simulation-based mock code program may significantly benefit paediatric patient outcomes

Gibbs 2018 [88]

Mitigate a MRSA outbreak

1 session (30 min)

ISS can counter threats to patient safety related to workflow and lapses in infection control practices and improve patient outcomes

Lavelle 2017 [2]

Manage deteriorating patient

Weekly sessions

ISS for medical deterioration yielded promising outcomes for individuals and teams

Josey 2018 [85]

Cardiac arrest survival

Not reported

Hospitals with more active ISS participation had higher survival rates than hospitals with less-active ISS participation although the findings should be considered with caution due to the limitations in collecting hospital level data and potential bias from other confounding factors

Use of equipment

Kobayashi [81]

Telemetry for detecting arrhythmias

50 sessions over × 3 2-week periods

Experimental investigations helped reveal and mitigate weaknesses in an ED clinical telemetry system implementation