Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Ahmad et al. (2015)

Pakistan

Medicine

Not reported

557 (71.10%)

783

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

3.40 (0.49)

Sharing: 3.18 (0.56); Caring: 3.63 (0.56)

Balentine et al. (2010)

U.S

Medicine

Not reported

70 (30%)

236

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

4.50, no SD or CI provided

Not reported

Davis et al. (2006)

U.S

Medicine and Physician Assistant

Individual breakdown for each profession not reported. Entire sample mean age = 28.30

Individual breakdown for each profession not reported. Entire sample (32) = 15 males, 12 females, 5 unreported

Total 32, 14 students (6 medicine, 8 physician assistant)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Medicine: 4.70 (0.30)

Physician Assistant: 4.60 (0.30)

Not reported

Dockens et al. (2016)

U.S

Pre-service speech and hearing sciences

All: 22.60 (5.40)

Low Exposure: 23.50 (7.50)

Medium Exposure: 22.30 (4.30) High Exposure: 21.70 (2.80)

All: 75 (80.60)

Low Exposure: 26 (78.80)

Medium Exposure: 32 (82.10)

High Exposure: 17 (81.00)

All: 93

Low Exposure: 33

Medium Exposure: 39

High Exposure: 21

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

All: 4.13 (0.50)

Low Exposure: 4.10 (0.40)

Medium Exposure: 4.10 (0.50)

High Exposure: 4.24 (0.50)

All: sharing: 4.29 (0.60), caring: 3.97 (0.40)

Low Exposure: sharing 4.20 (0.60), caring: 3.95 (0.40)

Medium Exposure: sharing 4.21 (0.50), 3.98 (0.40)

High Exposure: sharing: 4.46 (0.70), 4.01 (0.40)

Fothan, Eshaq & Bakather (2019)

Saudi Arabia

Medicine

Not reported

75 (56.80%)

132

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

4.00 (1.50)

sharing: 4.20 (1.50)

caring: 3.80 (1.40)

Gaufberg et al. (2018)

U.S

Medicine

Not reported

Gold Humanism Honor Society: 52 (50.50%)

Non-Gold Humanism Honor Society: 219 (45.40%)

All: 583 (103 Gold Humanism Honor Society, 480 non)

at year 4: 570 (98 Gold Humanism Honor Society, 472 non)

at year 3: 378 (64 Gold Humanism Honor Society, 314 non)

at year 2: 389 (66 Gold Humanism Honor Society, 323 non)

at year 1: 479 (80 Gold Humanism Honor Society, 399 non)

Demographics table: (92 Gold Humanism Honor Society, 448 non-Gold Humanism Honor Society)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Gold Humanism Honor Society:

All: 4.45 (0.42)

Year 1: 4.39 (0.46)

Year 2: 4.44 (0.53)

Year 3: 4.40 (0.47)

Year 4: 4.49 (0.53)

Non-Gold Humanism Honor Society:

All: 4.27 (0.39)

Year 1: 4.26 (0.43)

Year 2: 4.33 (0.47)

Year 3: 4.23 (0.52)

Year 4: 4.28 (0.50)

Not reported

Grilo et al. (2013)

Portugal

Nursing

Male 1st year: 20.77(4.52)

Male 2nd year: 22.68(3.95)

Male 4th tear: 22.00(0.75)

Male Total including nurses: 24.71(7.73)

Female 1st year: 19.53(3.23)

Female 2nd year: 20.82(2.44)

Female 4th tear: 22.43(2.61)

Female Total including nurses: 22.78(6.90)

1st: 207 (87.00)

2nd: 126 (80.80)

4th: 111 (85.40)

Nurses: 84 (77.80)

Total (including nurses): 528 (83.50)

1st year: 238

2nd year: 156

4th year: 130

Nursing students total: 524

nurses (ineligible: 108)

study total: 632

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

1st: 4.31 (0.40)

2nd: 4.70 (0.43)

4th: 4.96 (0.38)

Nurses (exclude): 4.48 (0.53)

Total (nurses included): 4.57 (0.49)

Sharing:

1st: 4.11 (0.55)

2nd: 4.62 (0.61)

4th: 4.94 (0.52)

nurses(exclude): 4.25 (0.64)

Total (nurses included): 4.43 (0.66)

Caring:

1st: 4.51

(0.44)

2nd: 4.80 (0.44)

4th: 4.98 (0.40)

nurses (exclude): 4.71 (0.60)

total (nurses included): 4.71 (0.49)

Haidet et al. (2001)

U.S

Medicine

Not reported

120(41%)

293

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

4.58 (0.46)

Not reported

Haidet et al. (2002)

U.S

Medicine

fourth year students: 25(2.30)

1st year: 118 (45)

3rd year: 65 (41)

4th year: 36 (41)

1st year: 263

3rd year: 158

4th year: 89

Total: 510

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Total: 4.57 (0.48)

1st: 4.61

3rd: 4.59

4th: 4.48

Not reported

Hammerich et al. (2019)

Canada, U.S., Wales, Denmark, France, Australia

Chiropractic

Age (% of sample)

17–19: 84 (5%)

20–24: 1060 (57%)

25–29: 523 (28%)

30–34: 95 (5%)

35 + : 87 (5%)

1048 (57%)

1858

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

PPOS:

Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College: 4.27 (0.46)

Parker University: 4.06 (0.53)

Northwestern Health Sciences University: 4.13 (0.46)

Southern Denmark University: 4.11 (0.45)

University of South Wales: 4.15 (0.43)

Central Queensland University: 4.31 (0.54)

L’Institut Franco-Europeen de Chiropraxie: 4.22 (0.43)

Total:

4.18 (0.48)

Caring:

Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College: 4.50 (0.48)

Parker University: 4.25 (0.55)

Northwestern Health Sciences University: 4.33 (0.48)

Southern Denmark University: 4.55 (0.47)

University of South Wales: 4.40 (0.49)

Central Queensland University: 4.53 (0.54)

L’Institut Franco-Europeen de Chiropraxie: 4.75 (0.46)

Sharing:

Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College: 4.05 (0.61)

Parker University: 3.86 (0.68)

Northwestern Health Sciences University: 3.94 (0.59)

Southern Denmark University: 3.68 (0.62)

Unoversity of South Wales: 3.91 (0.63)

Central Queensland University: 4.09 (0.69)

L’Institut Franco-European de Chiropraxie: 3.70

Henschen et al. (2015)

U.S

Medicine

Not reported

Traditional Curriculum: 30 (44%)

Education- centred medical home: 40 (58%)

137 (Traditional curriculum = 68, education- centred medical home = 69)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Traditional Curriculum: 4.3 (0.80)

Education- centred Medical Home: 4.6 (0.50)

Not reported

Hirsh et al. (2012)

U.S

Medicine

Not reported

Not reported

67 (27 Cambridge integrated Clerkship, 40 traditional)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Cambridge integrated clearkship: 5.00

Traditional: 4.87

Not reported

Hur, Cho & Choi (2017)

South Korea

Medicine

Not reported

75 (37.90%)

198 total (89 in 2006, 109 in 2009)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

3.90 (0.40)

Sharing: 3.61 (0.49)

Caring: 4.18 (0.45)

Krupat et al. (2009)

U.S

Medicine

Not reported

Not reported

49 total (32 Principal clinical experience, 17 control)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Principal clinical experience: 5.00

Control group: 4.90

Not reported

Lee et al. (2008)

Singapore

Medicine

Range 20–23

92 (40.70)

226

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

4.10 (0.42)

Sharing: 3.84 (0.51)

Caring: 4.36 (0.49)

Madham, Rajpurohit & Gayathri (2010)

India

Dentistry

26.18 (2.07)

90 (44.60%)

202

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

3.38 (0.63)

Sharing: 3.11 (0.65)

Caring: 3.5 (0.88)

Meirovich et al. (2016)

Israel

Medicine

22.9 (range 21–29)

25 (46%)

32 (16 experimental, 16 control)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Experimental: 4.21 (0.37)

Control: 4.26 (0.43)

Not reported

Michael, Dror & Miller (2019)

Israel

Medicine and Dentistry

27.49 (3.60)

359 (57.80%)

653

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

4.45 (0.44)

Not reported

Moore (2009)

Nepal

Medicine

Not reported

12 (26.75)

63 total

45 students

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

4.26

Not reported

Mudiyanse et al. (2015)

Sri Lanka

Medicine

23 (2.30)

289 (53.20%)

543 (254 males, 289 females)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Male: 4.40 (0.60)

Female: 4.40 (0.50)

Male

Sharing: 3.90 (0.70)

Caring: 4.80 (0.70)

Female:

Sharing: 4.00 (0.70)

Caring: 4.90 (0.60)

Pers et al. (2019)

Poland

Medicine

Clinical Communication Course + : 23.49 (1.08)

Clinical Communication Course-: 24.82 (0.85)

Clinical Communication Course English + : 25.2 (2.03)

Clinical Communication Course + : 94 (60.26%)

Clinical Communication Course-: 87 (73.73%)

Clinical Communication Course English + : 20 (37.74%)

Clinical Communication Course + : 156

Clinical Communication Course-: 118

Clinical Communication Course English + : 53

Total: 327

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Clinical Communication Course + : 2.91 (0.50)

Clinical Communication Course-: 2.74 (0.47)

Sharing

Clinical Communication Course + (n = 160): 3.06 (0.63), range 1.44 -5.11

Clinical Communication Course- (n = 122): 2.95 (0.62), range 1.22–4.67

Caring:

Clinical Communication Course + : 2.75 (0.51), range 1.11–4.11

Clinical Communication Course-: 2.52 (0.48), range 1.33–3.67

Ribeiro, Krupat & Amaral (2007)

Brazil

Medicine

Not reported

360 (48.8%)

738

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

4.66 (0.44)

Caring Male: 5.04 (0.47)

Caring Female: 5.26 (0.43)

Sharing Male: 3.82 (0.58)

Sharing Female: 4.18 (0.58)

Total:

Sharing: 4.10 (0.66)

Caring: 5.20 (0.45)

Rosewilliam et al. (2019)

United Kingdom

Physiotherapy: 47 (22%)

Medicine: 86 (41%)

Nursing: 28 (13%)

Speech and Language Therapy: 50 (24%)

22.7 (4.90)

176 (83%)

211

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

18-item average, total score (SD of total score)

4.09, 73.62 (8.81)

9-item average, total score (SD of total score)

Sharing: 4.30, 38.72 (5.4)

Caring: 3.87, 34.91 (5.1)

Ross & Haidet (2011)

U.S

Physical Therapy

Not reported

Not reported

46

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Sum total mean (SD): 81.30 (7.70)

Sharing total mean(SD): 39.30 (4.70)

Caring total mean: 41.90 (4.10)

Sweeney and Baker (2018)

United Kingdom

Medicine

Not reported

not reported

39

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

78.8

Not reported

Tsimtsiou et al. (2007)

Greece

Medicine

Not reported

Year 4: 111 (46.20%)

Year 6: 98 (40.30%)

Year 4: 240 students

Year 6: 243 students

The same cohort was surveyed twice

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Year 4: 3.96

Year 6: 3.81

Sharing

Year 4: 3.50

Year 6: 3.24

Caring:

Year 4: 4.41

Year 6 4.38

Harris et al. (2020)

Switzerland

Medicine

Not reported

195 (63.70)

306

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale- D12

4.19 (0.47)

Not reported

Liu et al. (2019)

China

Medicine

 <  = 22: 378 (73.70%)

 > 22 = 135 (26.30%)

Five year clinical category: 238

Seven-year: 72

Total: 310 (60.4%)

Total: 513

Five-year clinical category: 394

Seven-year clinical category 119

Chinese Revised-Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

3.63 (0.54)

Sharing: 2.88 (0.67)

Caring: 4.53 (0.82)

McNair et al. (2016)

Australia

Medicine

Not reported

56% (likely 113, but unclear)

203

Adapted 9 questions from Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale

Inner metropolitan: 4.00 (0.39)

Outer metropolitan: 4.00 (0.36)

Rural: 4.00 (0.35)

Not reported

El-Awaisi et al. (2017)

Qatar

Medicine: 6

Pharmacy: 24

Pharmacy technician: 6

Public health: 11

n (%)

 < 20: 4(8.59%)

20–24: 42(89.40%)

25–29: 1(2.10%)

44 (93.60%)

47

Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale

Median (IQR)

23 (5)

No relevant subscales

Hudson et al. (2016)

Australia

Medicine

Not reported

not reported

279

Readiness for interprofessional learning and attitude to patient-centredness survey

Mean = 23.42, SEM = 0.11

No relevant subscales

Norris et al. (2015)

U.S

Medicine, Pharmacy, Nursing, Public Health

Exploratory Factor Analysis:

13–22: 14

23–32: 230

33–42: 65

43–52:21

53–62: 10

63–72: 2

Confirmatory Factor Analysis:

13–22: 7

23–32: 239

33–42: 54

43–52: 23

53–62: 12

63–72: 0

Total:

13–22:

21(3.10)

23–32: 469 (69.30)

33–42: 119 (17.60)

43–52: 44 (6.50)

53–62: 22 (3.20)

63–72: 2 (0.30)

Exploratory Factor Analysis: 208 (60.80)

Confirmatory Factor Analysis: 202 (60.30)

Total: 410 (60.60)

Exploratory Factor Analysis: 342

Confirmatory Factor Analysis: 336

Total: 678

Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale

Exploratory Factor Analysis: 4.60 (0.50)

Confirmatory Factor Analysis: 4.62 (0.46)

No relevant subscales

Zaudke et al. (2016)

U.S

Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy

Not reported

Not reported

252

Medicine: 153

Nursing: 23

Pharmacy: 46

Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale

4.65 (0.47)

No relevant subscales

Zeeni et al. (2016)

Lebanon

Nursing, Nutrition, Pharmacy, Social Work and Medicine

21.1 (0.12)

108 (70.10%)

157 (46 medicine, 67 pharmacy, 21 nursing, 23 nutrition)

Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale

22.75 (2.46)

No relevant subscales

Batenburg (1997)

Netherlands

Medicine

Not reported

Not reported

476

Doctor-Patient Scale

3.50 (0.24)

Not reported

Batenburg et al. (1999)

Netherlands

Medicine

Not reported

24 (60%)

40

Doctor-Patient Scale

General Practice Clerks: 64.0% (5.60), Surgery Clerks 58.6% (6.30)

Not reported

Bombeke et al. (2011)

Belgium

Medicine

Communication Skills Training* (-): 24.80, Communication Skills Training ( +): 24.60

Communication Skills Training (-): 30 (63%), Communication Skills Training ( +): 22 (59%)

85 (Communication Skills Training (-): 48, Communication Skills Training ( +): 37)

Doctor-Patient Scale

Communication Skills Training (-): 3.45 (0.30)

Communication Skills Training ( +): 3.54 (0.22)

Not reported

Noble et al. (2007)

United Kingdom

Medicine

19 (2.00), range 17 -31

270 (59%)

454

Doctor-Patient Scale

Old Curriculum (n = 199): 3.20 (0.20)

New curriculum (n = 255): 3.22 (0.20)

No relevant subscales

Davis et al. (2018)

U.S

Nursing and Medical Assistant

Bachelor of Science Nursing: 26.80

Medical Assistant: 30.80

BSN: 10 (90.90)

MA: 18 (85.70)

Bachelors of Science Nursing: 11

Medical Assistant: 21

Interprofessional attitudes scale

Entire sample size pooled (n = 32): 33.60 (2.40)

No relevant subscales

King & Violato (2020)

Canada

Nutrition, Dental Hygiene, Dentistry, Medical Laboratory Science, Medicine, Radiation Therapy, Nursing, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinesiology, Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech Language Pathology

Not reported

Not Reported

337

Interprofessional Attitude Scale

Patient centredness for all participants:

6.65 (0.49)

No relevant subscales

Hardeman et al. (2015)

U.S

Medicine

Race:

age: n(%)

White:

18–24: 2085 (72%)

25- 35 or older: 811 (28%)

African America:

18–24: 195 (65%)

25–35 or older: 104 (35%)

Race:

Female: n (%)

White:

Female: 1390 (48%)

African American:

Female: 198 (66%)

White: 2890

African American: 301

Total: 3191

Health Beliefs Attitudes Survey

Low Health Beliefs Attitudes Survey: 1543

High Health Beliefs Attitudes Survey: 1667

Not reported

Burnard & Morrison (1991)

not reported

District nursing, Health visiting, Nursing

Not reported

Not reported

District nursing student: 24

health visiting students: 24:

Nursing students: 21

Nelson-Jones and Patterson Counsellor Attitude Scale

Mean score (range)

District Nursing: 37 (24–47)

Health Visiting: 45 (32–59)

Nursing: 44 (24–63)

Not reported

Rolfe (1994)

United Kingdom

Nursing

18–22: 189 (3.81)

23–27: 60 (5.08)

28–32: 19 (5.82)

33 + : 45 (4.51)

Not reported

315

Patient-centredness Multi-choice Questionnaire

37.78 (4.41)

Not reported

Mirsu-Pau, Tucker & Hardt (2012)

U.S

Medicine

26 (3.40), range 22–56

114 (53%)

216

Tucker-Culturally Sensitive Health Care Inventory Provider Form

3.30 (0.37)

Not reported

Beach et al. (2007)

U.S

Medicine

21–30: 146 (86%), > 30: 22 (14%)

76 (45%)

177

No name reported

Cut point of "patient centredness" created at a score of 68. 85 scored < 68, 83 scored > 68

No relevant subscales

Hauer et al. (2010)

U.S

Medicine

Not reported

169 (54%)

336

No name reported

75 (6.60) range: 53–100

Not reported

Ster et al. (2015)

Slovenia

Medicine

Not reported

109 (68.60%)

159

No name reported

4.57 (1.44)

No relevant subscales

Stoner et al. (2018)

U.S

Osteopathic Medicine

Not reported

Not reported

69

No name reported

3.39 (0.35)

No relevant subscales

Welch Bacon et al. (2018)

U.S

Athletic training

23.29 (2.05)

138 (62.44%)

221

No name reported

Patient Centred Care implementation: 3.20 (0.38)

Rating of importance of Patient Centred Care: 3.61 (0.35)

No relevant subscales