Table 1 Comparison of the demographic and baseline characteristics between the participants in experimental and control groups

Gender^a

0.48

0.49

 Male

7 (14.6)

4 (9.8)

 Female

41 (85.4)

37 (90.2)

Z

P

Previous observe CH^b

−0.94

0.35

 None

1 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

 1–5

10 (20.8)

5 (12.2)

 6–10

8 (16.7)

9 (22.0)

 11–15

5 (10.4)

7 (17.1)

 16–20

7 (14.6)

1 (2.4)

  > 20

17 (35.4)

19 (46.3)

Previous perform CH^b

−0.28

0.78

 None

22 (45.8)

16 (39.0)

 1–5

23 (47.9)

25 (61.0)

 6–10

3 (6.3)

0 (0.0)

T

P

Age^c

23.50 (1.41)

23.34 (0.97)

−0.61

0.55

Baseline self-efficacy^c

25.60 (12.95)

27.12 (13.21)

0.55

0.59