Table 4 Modalities for Remediating Practice-Based Learning and Improvement

Intensified direct supervision

[65,66,67, 72, 77, 82, 87, 95, 96, 99,100,101, 105, 110, 113, 128, 130, 137, 142]

Role-modelling

[114]

Direct observation & feedback

[9, 62, 68, 69, 72, 85, 93, 98,99,100, 105, 110, 113, 122, 141, 143],

Simulations of clinical scenarios

[9, 62, 67, 78, 87, 98, 99, 125, 130, 138, 140, 141]

Case discussions

[68, 69, 72, 82, 83, 86, 87, 110, 113, 137, 144]

Clinical tutorials, workshops (Didactic and Educational Activity)

[69, 86, 95, 96, 99, 110, 128, 140, 141, 145]

Lectures

[67, 69, 70, 83]

Counselling

[74, 89, 95, 99, 100, 122]

Clinical embedding such as ward round presentations

[140]

Online courses, assignments, quizzes

[82, 132, 133, 138]

Repeat/increased clinical rotations

[18, 66, 77, 89, 99, 128, 130, 132, 136]

Readings

[65,66,67, 86, 89, 110, 128, 131, 137]

Holistic support (e.g. alcohol addiction rehabilitation, underlying reasons for substandard skills)

[9, 87, 97, 130, 134]