Table 2 Frameworks for Methods of Identification

ACGME

The Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the American Board of Medical Specialties created the Milestones Project to provide competency-based outcomes for trainees. Milestones serve many purposes in both graduate medical education and the accreditation process. Among them, milestones provide transparent expectations, support better longitudinal assessment of trainees, and enhance public accountability through aggregate reporting of competency by specialty [123].

[18, 62, 64, 65, 77, 78, 81, 85, 89, 90, 93, 99, 105, 114, 124,125,126,127,128]

CanMeds

CanMEDS is a framework that delineates the outcomes that doctors should achieve to effectively meet the healthcare needs of the people they serve. These abilities are grouped thematically under seven roles. A competent physician seamlessly integrates the competencies of all seven CanMEDS Roles.

The CanMEDS Roles

• Medical Expert (the integrating role)

• Communicator

• Collaborator

• Leader

• Health Advocate

• Scholar

• Professional

The overarching goal of CanMEDS is to improve patient care. The CanMEDS model has been adapted around the world, both within and outside the health professions.

[9, 88, 107]

GMC

The General Medical Council (GMC) sets the standards expected of medical training organisations and outcomes that doctors in training practising in the UK should achieve.

[101, 112, 129, 130]

ABSITE

The American Board of Surgery In-Training Exam (ABSITE) has been offered annually to surgical residents training in accredited programs in the United States since 1975. The examination consists of 225 multiple-choice questions and must be completed in 5 h. The results are defined as the percent correct, standard score, and percentile [compared with other examinees in the same postgraduate year (PGY)] and are reported for the total test and the basic science and clinical management portions of the examination to the program directors

[95, 131,132,133]

CMQ

The CMQ identifies physicians with clinical performance problems primarily through the professional inspection committee, complaints forwarded to the inquiry division, or processes initiated by physicians who would like to reorient their careers or come back to practice after a period of inactivity of over 4 years [110].

[110]

ABP ITE

The American Board of Paediatrics (ABP) has offered the In-Training Examination (ITE) annually since 1971 to pediatric trainees in US and Canadian programs as a service to residents and program directors. The ITE is a 3-h exam consisting of approximately 150 multiple-choice questions and is administered on designated days in July.

[86]