Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study ID | Year | Study type | Sample size(I/C) | Specialty of residents | Residents matched for | Tutors matched for | Interventions | Which year of residency training | Duration of intervention | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li M et al. (2019) [19]Â | 2019 | RCT | 46(23/23) | Internal Medicine | Age, Sex, EB, DS | The same tutors | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS |
Wang N et al. (2017) [20] | 2017 | RCT | 74(37/37) | Internal Medicine | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Gao WQ et al. (2019) [21] | 2019 | RCT | 50(25/25) | Cardiology | Age, Sex, EB (Bachelor Degree) | TE | PBL | Not described | Two months | KS, PS, QS |
Liu J et al. (2017) [22] | 2017 | RCT | 56(28/28) | Gastroenterology | Age, Sex, DS | PT, TE, Recieved PBL teaching training, CLP | PBL | Not described | Three months | TS, QS |
Gulina Abra and Wang XM (2019) [23] | 2019 | RCT | 70(35/35) | Gastroenterology | Age, Sex, DS | Not described | PBL | Not described | Three months | KS, SS, PS, QS |
Wei DM et al. (2017) [24] | 2017 | RCT | 133(68/65) | Gastroenterology | Age, Sex | PT, TE | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS, QS |
Hou H et al. (2019) [25] | 2019 | RCT | 84(42/42) | Gastroenterology | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS, QS |
Chang BC et al. (2018) [26] | 2018 | RCT | 48(24/24) | Nephrology | Sex, EB | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS |
Tang JL et al. (2019) [27] | 2019 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Haematology | Age, Sex, DS | The same tutor | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Wang YY et al. (2017) [28] | 2017 | RCT | 42(21/21) | Infectious Disease | Age, Sex, EB | PT, TE | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, PS, TS, QS |
Xie SS et al. (2018) [29] | 2018 | RCT | 215(108/107) | Infectious Disease | Age, Sex, EB (Graduate students) | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Zhao D (2019) [30] | 2019 | RCT | 54(29/25) | Critical Care Medicine | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, PS |
Xing JY et al. (2017) [31] | 2017 | RCT | 84(42/42) | Critical Care Medicine | Age, Sex, EB | PT, TE | PBL | Not described | Two months | KS, PS |
Liu ZG et al. (2012) [32] | 2012 | RCT | 35(18/17) | Neurology | DS | PT, CLP | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Wang Y (2015) [33] | 2015 | RCT | 32(17/15) | Neurology | Age, Sex, DS | Not described | PBL | Not described | Three months | KS, PS, TS |
Huang YX (2019) [34] | 2019 | RCT | 48(24/24) | Neurology | Age, Sex, EB, DS | PT | PBL | Not described | Three months | TS, QS |
Shi JQ and Jiang T (2018) [35] | 2018 | RCT | 65(33/32) | Neurology | Age, Sex, EB | PT, Recieved PBL teaching training | PBL | Not described | Six months | KS, SS, PS |
Cheng J et al. (2015)a [36] | 2015 | RCT | 28(16/12) | Neurology | DS, EB (Graduate students) | PT, CLP | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Cheng J et al. (2015)b [36] | 2015 | RCT | 24(10/14) | Neurology | DS, EB (Bachelor Degree) | PT, CLP | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Huang JX et al. (2016) [37] | 2016 | RCT | 60(30/30) | Emergency Medicine | Age, Sex, EB, DS | PT, EB, TE | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, QS |
Lin F et al. (2016) [38] | 2016 | RCT | 82(43/39) | Pediatrics | Age, Sex, EB | PT | PBL | Not described | Eight months | KS, SS, PS |
Jiang CQ et al. (2018) [39] | 2018 | RCT | 71(35/36) | General Surgery | Age, Sex, EB (Graduate students), No PBL experience | PT, TE, Recieved PBL teaching training | PBL | Not described | Four months | KS, SS, PS |
Huang XX (2018) [40] | 2018 | RCT | 50(25/25) | Gastrointestinal Surgery | Age, Sex | PT, TE | PBL | Not described | Two months | KS, SS, PS |
Ge ST et al. (2018) [41] | 2018 | RCT | 80(41/39) | Gastrointestinal Surgery | Age, Sex, EB | The same tutors, PT, TE, Recieved PBL teaching training | PBL | First-year residents | Two months | KS, SS, PS |
Guan YB et al. (2018) [42] | 2018 | RCT | 60(30/30) | Urology | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Zhang JL et al. (2019) [43] | 2019 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Urology | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS |
Ma Y et al. (2018) [44] | 2018 | RCT | 80(40/40) | Orthopedics | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS |
Zhou P et al. (2014) [45] | 2014 | RCT | 60(30/30) | Neurosurgery | Age, Sex, EB, DS | PT | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Lin Y and Jiang H (2014) [46] | 2014 | RCT | 26(12/14) | Anesthesiology | Age, Sex, DS | The same tutors | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS |
Li ZR et al. (2019) [47] | 2019 | RCT | 32(16/16) | Anesthesiology | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS |
Jiang J et al. (2017) [48] | 2017 | RCT | 48(24/24) | Anesthesiology | Age, Sex, EB, DS | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS |
Xin WQ et al. (2017) [49] | 2017 | RCT | 64(32/32) | Anesthesiology | Age, Sex, DS | The same tutors | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Zheng LJ and Guo LS (2018) [50] | 2018 | RCT | 34(18/16) | Obstetrics and Gynecology | Age, Sex, DS | PT, EB, TE | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, QS |
Han J and Yan XL (2017) [51] | 2017 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Ophthalmology | Age, Sex, DS | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Chen JL (2018) [52] | 2018 | RCT | 24(12/12) | Ophthalmology | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS |
Liu GX et al. (2018) [53] | 2018 | RCT | 83(55/28) | Orthodontics | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, QS |
Chen HB et al. (2019) [54] | 2019 | RCT | 46(23/23) | Medical Sonography | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL | First-year or second-year residents | Three months | KS, SS, QS |
Yang JC et al. (2015) [55] | 2015 | RCT | 50(25/25) | Medical Sonography | Age, Sex, EB, Years of residency training | Not described | PBL | First-year or second-year residents | Not described | KS, SS |
Fan X et al. (2016) [56] | 2016 | RCT | 80(40/40) | Medical Sonography | Age, Sex, EB (Graduate students), DS | The same tutors, PT | PBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Dong FL and Fan QM (2015) [57] | 2015 | RCT | 28(14/14) | Medical Sonography | Age, Sex, EB | TE | PBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS |
Lu Y et al. (2014) [58] | 2014 | RCT | 143(75/68) | Internal Medicine | DS | PT, EB, TE, Recieved PBL teaching training | PBL | Not described | Not described | QS |
Wang Y et al.(2018) [59] | 2018 | RCT | 80(40/40) | Infectious Disease | Age, Sex, EB | PT | PBL | Not described | Not described | QS |
Yi XL et al. (2017) [60] | 2017 | RCT | 100(50/50) | Pediatrics | Age, Sex, DS | PT, TE | PBL | Not described | Not described | QS |
Zhang J et al. (2017) [61] | 2017 | RCT | 92(46/46) | Thoracic Surgery | Age, Sex, EB (Graduate students), DS | CLP | PBL | First-year residents | One months | QS |
Chen JX et al. (2015) [62] | 2015 | RCT | 120(60/60) | Urology | Age, Sex, EB (Bachelor Degree) | CLP | PBL | First-year residents | Not described | QS |
Ma Y and Zhang X (2019) [63] | 2019 | RCT | 60(30/30) | Ophthalmology | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | QS |
Wang Z et al. (2019) [64] | 2019 | RCT | 94(47/47) | Radiology | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL | Not described | Not described | QS |
Yang XY and Jia F (2019) [65] | 2019 | RCT | 91(46/45) | Cardiology | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | PS, QS |
Jiang H et al. (2017) [66] | 2017 | RCT | 62(31/31) | Cardiology | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Lin FN et al. (2017) [67] | 2017 | RCT | 82(40/42) | Cardiology | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL + CBL | First-year residents | Not described | TS, QS |
Shi XJ et al. (2018) [68] | 2018 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Gastroenterology | Age, Sex, Duration of intervention | Not described | PBL + CBL | First-year residents | Not described | KS, PS, QS |
Jin L et al. (2018) [69] | 2018 | RCT | 48(24/24) | Gastroenterology | Age, Sex, EB, DS | PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Four months | TS, QS |
Hu XL et al. (2017) [70] | 2017 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Endocrinology | Age, Sex, DS | PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Wu Y et al. (2018) [71] | 2018 | RCT | 92(47/45) | Critical Care Medicine | EB | PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Two months | KS, PS |
Li SX et al. (2019) [72] | 2019 | RCT | 60(30/30) | Emergency Medicine | Age, Sex | The same tutors | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS, QS |
Liu FS et al. (2018) [73] | 2018 | RCT | 48(24/24) | Emergency Medicine | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, PS |
Song YH (2019) [74] | 2019 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Psychiatry | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS |
Guan XL et al. (2018) [75] | 2018 | RCT | 46(23/23) | Neurology | Age, Sex, EB | The same tutors | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Liu HH and Xiao GD (2018) [76] | 2018 | RCT | 28(14/14) | Neurology | Age, Sex, DS | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS |
Wan QQ (2018) [77] | 2018 | RCT | 66(33/33) | Pediatrics | Sex, EB, Clinical working hours | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Zhao Y et al. (2017) [78] | 2017 | RCT | 43(20/23) | Pediatrics | Age, Sex, EB, Clinical working hours | PT, TE | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, PS |
Li H et al. (2019) [79] | 2019 | RCT | 80(40/40) | General Surgery | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, QS |
Shi GY (2019) [80] | 2019 | RCT | 80(40/40) | General Surgery | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Liu F and He JG (2018) [81] | 2018 | RCT | 52(26/26) | General Surgery, Gastroenterology | Age, DS | PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Four to five months | KS, SS, PS |
Hu GD (2019) [82] | 2019 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Cardiothoracic Surgery | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, PS |
Zhang L et al. (2017) [83] | 2017 | RCT | 32(16/16) | Cardiothoracic Surgery | Age, EB, DS | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS, PS, QS |
Xu L et al. (2017) [84] | 2017 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Neurosurgery | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, SS |
Zhao L et al. (2019) [85] | 2019 | RCT | 48(24/24) | Obstetrics and Gynecology | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Ji H (2018) [86] | 2018 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Obstetrics and Gynecology | Age, DS | PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS |
Jiang HJ et al. (2019) [87] | 2019 | RCT | 62(31/31) | Radiology | Age, Sex, DS | PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | KS, PS, QS |
Wang HY and Kong LL (2019) [88] | 2019 | RCT | 46(23/23) | Radiation Oncology | Age, Sex, EB (Graduate students) | PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Xiao L et al. (2018) [89] | 2018 | RCT | 40(20/20) | Radiation Oncology | Age, Sex, EB (Graduate students), DS, Clinical working hours | The same tutors, PT | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | TS, QS |
Chen Z et al. (2019) [90] | 2019 | RCT | 50(25/25) | Traditional Chinese Medicine | Age, Sex, EB, DS | PT, EB | PBL + CBL | Not described | One month | TS |
Wang Y and Hao W (2017) [91] | 2017 | RCT | 50(25/25) | Cardiology | Age, Sex, EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Three weeks | QS |
Wang BQ et al. (2016) [92] | 2016 | RCT | 48(24/24) | General Surgery | Age, Sex | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | QS |
Xu P and Li CJ (2016) [93] | 2016 | RCT | 48(24/24) | General Dentistry | EB | Not described | PBL + CBL | Not described | Not described | QS |