Fig. 1

Kirkpatrick’s Level of Evaluation for included studies: Level 1: Learner’s reaction (Learners’ views on the learning experience and its interprofessional nature); Level 2a: Modification of attitudes/perceptions (Changes in reciprocal attitudes or perceptions between participant groups; changes in attitudes or perceptions regarding the value and/or use of team approaches to caring for a specific client group); Level 2b: Acquisition of knowledge/skills (Including knowledge and skills linked to interprofessional collaboration); Level 3: Behavioral change (Individuals’ transfer of interprofessional learning to their practice setting and their changed professional practice) (IOM 2015) [49,50,51,52,53,54, 57,58,59,60,61, 63,64,65]