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Table 2 Study design according to main and secondary outcomes and continents

From: Effectiveness of problem-based learning methodology in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review

 

Comparative non-randomized

Comparative AND randomized

Survey or questionnaire

Descriptive experience

Expert opinion, editorial or comment

Systematic review and meta-analysis

Narrative review

Number of studies

32

16

45

21

5

4

1

Sample sizea

162

[20–1707]

121

[31–1649]

124

[14–569]

73

[16–561]

-

1652

[1003–2061]

-

Main outcomes

 Performance

21

14

10

6

1

3

1

 Knowledge retention

5

2

4

3

-

1

-

 Student satisfaction

6

-

25

5

-

-

-

 Tutor satisfaction

-

-

4

1

1

-

-

 Not specified

-

-

-

5

3

-

-

 Other

-

-

2

1

-

-

-

Secondary outcomes

 Knowledge retention

3

-

1

1

-

-

-

 Student satisfaction

6

7

5

4

-

1

1

 Tutor satisfaction

1

-

5

3

-

-

-

 Social and/or communication skills

1

-

3

1

-

-

-

 Reasoning

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

 Other

2

1

-

-

-

1

-

Continent

 Asia

6

8

22

5

-

4

-

 North America

16

2

10

9

1

-

1

 Europe

4

5

7

3

3

-

-

 Africa

2

-

3

2

-

-

-

 Oceania

1

1

2

1

1

-

-

 South America

3

-

1

1

-

-

-

  1. aSample size was available in 99 studies. Results are expressed in median and [range]