Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Number

222

43

179

Female, %

49

44

49

0.60

Non-surgical program, %

65

63

64

0.88

English is the primary language, %

65

19

77

< 0.01

Mastery score, mean +/−SD

23.7+/− 2.38

23.6+/− 2.4

24.0+/− 2.0

0.38

Stress score, mean +/−SD

8.6+/−1.6

8.7+/− 1.8

8.5+/− 1.6

0.38

Quality of life, mean +/−SD

5.32+/− 0.86

5.45+/− 0.88

5.28+/− 0.86

0.27

Spiritual belief, %

58

86

51

< 0.01

Depression, %

2

2

1

0.52

Any wellness technique, %

68

79

66

0.09

Cognitive restructuring, %

45

51

43

0.33

Mindfulness, %

38

37

38

0.92

Diaphragmatic breathing, %

21

16

22

0.38

Brief relaxation imagery, %

26

33

19

0.06

Cognitive restructuring, mean +/SD

1.8+/−0.94

1.37+/−1.09

1.22+/−1.16

0.46