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Table 3 Comparisons between knowledge, attitude, and barriers scores according to Father and mother education, residence and Academic stage by Mann–whitney test

From: Knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers towards research in undergraduate medical students of six Arab countries

hba

Father education

P-value

Mother education

P-value

Residence

P-value

Academic stage

P-value

Below college

Above college

Below college

Above college

Rural

Urban

Basic

Clinical

Knowledge score

1.89 (1.57)

2.18 (1.6)

 < 0.001*

1.88 (1.5)

2.22 (1.63)

 < 0.001*

2.01 (1.59)

2.13 (1.59)

0.07

1.84 (1.52)

2.34 (1.62)

 < 0.001*

Research usefulness for profession

23.55 (3.32)

24.72 (2.68)

 < 0.001*

23.53 (3.32)

24.9 (2.53)

 < 0.001*

23.97 (3.15)

24.58 (2.8)

 < 0.001*

24.26 (3.01)

24.54 (2.82)

0.15

Research anxiety

15.34 (3.63

14.86 (3.99)

 < 0.001*

15.22 (3.66)

14.87 (4.03)

 < 0.001*

15.28 (3.74)

14.88 (3.96)

0.002*

15.28 (3.84)

14.73 (3.94)

 < 0.001*

Positive attitudes towards research

17.13 (3.27)

17.71 (3.4)

 < 0.001*

17.06 (3.35)

17.83 (3.37)

 < 0.001*

17.39 (3.44)

17.62 (3.36)

0.94

17.7 (3.33)

17.4 (3.43)

 < 0.001*

Relevance to life

9.04 (1.74)

9.18 (1.23)

 < 0.001*

9.01 (1.79)

9.22 (1.82)

 < 0.001*

8.94 (1.78)

9.23 (1.82)

 < 0.001*

9.06 (1.82)

9.22 (1.8)

0.07

Research difficulty

5.64 (1.42)

5.55 (1.58)

 < 0.001*

5.6 (1.46)

5.56 (1.58)

0.01*

5.52 (1.47)

5.6 (1.57)

0.001*

5.62 (1.54)

5.53 (1.54)

0.16

Burden of Barriers score

76.21 (11.24)

78.36 (10.82)

 < 0.001*

76.69 (11.04)

78.39 (10.9)

0.001*

76.86 (11.4)

78.14 (10.78)

0.023*

76.6 (11.31)

78.89 (10.53)

 < 0.001*

  1. Scores are presented as Mean (SD)