Knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived barriers towards research in undergraduate medical students of six Arab countries

Table 2 Comparisons between knowledge, attitudes, and barriers scores according to Gender, University rank and University type by Mann–whitney test

Scores	Gender		P-value	Top1000 Universities		P-value	University type		P-value
Scores	Male	Female	P-value	Yes	No	P-value	Public	Private	P-value
Knowledge score	2.08 (1.6)	2.11 (1.5)	0.22	2.47 (1.61	2.02 (1.58)	< 0.001*	2.11 (1.58)	2.05 (1.64)	0.266
Research usefulness for profession	24.0 (3.1)	24.3 (2.7)	0.01*	24.93 (2.64)	24.29 (2.96)	< 0.001*	24.66 (2.69)	23.48 (3.47)	< 0.001*
Research anxiety	15.42 (3.6)	14.71 (4.0)	< 0.001*	14.76 (4.04)	15.05 (3.87)	0.127	15.07 (3.95)	14.71 (3.72)	0.541
Positive attitudes towards research	17.5 (3.3)	17.58 (3.4)	0.69	17.43 (3.65)	17.58 (3.32)	0.886	17.7 (3.3)	16.9 (3.58)	0.004*
Relevance to life	9.03 (1.7)	9.22 (1.8)	< 0.001*	9.33 (1.88)	9.1 (1.79)	0.004*	9.18 (1.82)	9.01 (1.76)	0.009*
Research difficulty	5.70 (1.5)	5.49 (1.6)	0.75	5.69 (1.62)	5.55 (1.52)	0.081	5.55 (1.55)	5.68 (1.5)	0.487
Burden of Barriers score	77.5 (11)	77.97 (10.9)	0.366	77.94 (10.35)	77.3 (11.1)	0.669	78.14 (11.01)	76.43 (10.72)	0.001*

ISSN: 1472-6920