Table 2 Mean and standard deviation of Hackman and Oldham’s JDS’s items before and after the shadowing program
From: Insights on my future job: implementing near-peer shadowing program for operating room freshmen
Item | Mean (SD) | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|
Pre-test | Post-test | ||
Job Characteristics: Skill Variety | |||
The job require me to do many different things at work, using a variety of your skills and talents. | 4.43 (±1.04) | 4.86 (±0.35) | 0.51** |
The job requires me to use a number of complex or high-level skills. | 3.60 (±1.16) | 4.74 (±0.44) | 1.08*** |
The job is quite simple and repetitive | 3.66 (±1.30) | 3.52 (±1.21) | 0.07 |
Job Characteristics: Task Identity | |||
The job involves completing pieces of work that has an obvious beginning and end. | 3.20 (±1.19) | 4.12 (±0.82) | 0.62*** |
The job provides me the chance to completely finish the pieces of work I begin. | 3.06 (±1.15) | 3.80 (±1.05) | 0.52** |
The job is arranged so that I do not have the chance to do an entire piece of work from beginning to end. | 3.56 (±1.41) | 3.30 (±1.14) | 0.14 |
Job Characteristics: Task Significance | |||
The results of my work likely to significantly affect the lives or well-being of other people | 3.58 (±1.35) | 4.60 (±0.70) | 0.64*** |
This job is one where a lot of other people can be affected by how well the work gets done. | 3.38 (±1.46) | 4.72 (±0.80) | 0.80*** |
The job itself is not very significant and important in the broader scheme of things. | 4.00 (±1.38) | 3.52 (±1.35) | 0.27 |
Job Characteristics: Autonomy | |||
The job gives me considerable opportunity for independence and freedom in how I do the work. | 2.88 (±0.98) | 3.56 (±0.99) | 0.51** |
My job permit me to decide on my own how to go about doing the work. | 2.76 (±1.17) | 3.90 (±0.97) | 0.73*** |
The job denies me any chance to use my personal initiative or judgment in carrying out the work | 3.12 (±1.30) | 2.84 (±0.97) | 0.16 |
Job Characteristics: Feedback from the job itself | |||
The actual work itself provide clues about how well you are doing—aside from any “feedback” coworkers or supervisors may provide. | 3.34 (±1.20) | 4.34 (±0.82) | 0.71*** |
Just doing the work required by the job provides many chances for me to figure out how well I am doing. | 3.14 (±1.17) | 4.34 (±0.71) | 0.92*** |
The job itself provides very few clues about whether or not I am performing well | 3.42 (±1.09) | 3.50 (±1.37) | 0.04 |
Feedback from agents | |||
Other people (such as managers and colleagues) provide feedback about effectiveness (e.g., quality or quantity) of my job performance. | 3.18 (±1.30) | 4.26 (±0.82) | 0.86*** |
Interaction with colleague | |||
In my job, I have to cooperate closely with other healthcare team members. | 3.48 (±1.46) | 4.74 (±0.72) | 0.77*** |