Table 2 Positive and negative factors of the flipped classroom
Factors | Positive factors | Negative factors | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Student characteristics | |||
Self-regulated learning skills (1a) | -Prevents procrastination -Learner can learn at his own pace -Learner is responsible for his own learning -Development of self-directed learning readiness -Timely feedback -Learner reflects on his learning | -More self-regulation is required -May lead to non-attendance or non-preparation | |
Prior knowledge (1b) | -More prior knowledge required | [34] | |
Learning attitude (1c) | Enhancement of -concentration -engagement -motivation -confidence -satisfaction -self-efficacy | -Not all students prefer the flipped classroom -More motivation required | [1, 8, 16, 18, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 50, 61, 63, 64, 65, 73, 77, 82, 84, 87, 91] |
Implementation (2) | -Time and resources should be invested -In technology should be invested | ||
Task characteristics (3) | -Learning of higher cognitive skills -Enhancement of problem-solving ability, critical thinking, and decision-making performance -Competence-oriented | -Not suitable for difficult learning material | [1, 4, 5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26, 30, 31, 35, 39, 44, 47, 50, 54, 61, 62, 63, 64, 85, 87] |
Out-of-class activities (4) | -Revision of learning material -A lot of learning opportunities | -Students experience a lack of adaptive assessment | |
In-class activities (5) | -Use of active learning methods -A lot of learning opportunities -More interaction between students and student-teacher | -Students desire more passive explanation | |