Table 2 Summary of study methodology, learning typology, learning activities and learning outcomes

 Qualitative

14 (38%)

[40–53]

 Quantitative

13 (35%)

[54–66]

 Mixed methods

10 (27%)

[67–76]

 Informal/nonformal learning

15 (41%)

[40, 42, 44–49, 51–53, 58, 60, 68, 70]

 Formal learning

8 (22%)

[56, 59, 62, 64, 71, 72, 74, 75]

 Combination of informal/nonformal and formal learning

10 (27%)

[41, 43, 50, 54, 55, 61, 65, 69, 73, 76]

 Collaboration in clinical practice

14 (38%)

[40, 42, 44–46, 49, 51–54, 57, 60, 69, 70]

 Consultations

5 (14%)

[40, 42, 51–53]

 Radiology rounds

2 (5%)

[60, 70]

 Combined outpatient clinic

1 (3%)

[54]

 Co-management inpatient ward

1 (3%)

[69]

 Rotations or placements

8 (22%)

[48, 50, 55, 58, 61, 65, 68, 76]

 Formal educational sessions or programs

11 (30%)

[41, 43, 56, 59, 62, 64, 71,72,73,74,75]

 Simulated workplace training

4 (11%)

[56, 64, 71, 75]

 Level 1: learner reactions

24 (65%)

[40, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53–58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 68–75]

 Level 2a: changes in attitudes or perceptions

21 (57%)

[43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 59–62, 64, 65, 68, 70–76]

 Level 2b: acquisition of knowledge or skills

24 (65%)

[40, 43, 46, 48, 50–52, 54–56, 58–62, 65, 68–70, 72–76]

 Level 3: behavioural changes

8 (22%)

[43, 46, 51–53, 71–73]

 Level 4: performance in practice

0 (0%)