Fig. 4

Comparison of students’ self-perceived competence and perspectives on the teaching modality experienced between the FC group and LBT group. Students’ answers to the survey questions were quantified using a three-point Likert scale (-1, disagree; 0, neutral; 1, agree). Data presented indicate the mean score ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. NS: not significant. LBT, lecture-based teaching; FC, flipped classroom