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Table 3 Pairwise comparisons of wire-bending scores with the implementation of formative assessment in the LD and FC cohorts

From: The effect of live demonstration and flipped classroom with continuous formative assessment on dental students’ orthodontic wire-bending performance

Type of Wire

Live demonstration cohort

Flipped classroom cohort

Mean score Difference ± SD

Sig. b

Mean score Difference ± SD

Sig. b

Adams Clasp

Buccal canine retractor

-4.00 ± 0.43*

0.00#

-4.00 ± 0.43*

0.00#

Palatal finger spring

-4.75 ± 0.48*

0.00#

-4.75 ± 0.48*

0.00#

Southend clasp

-1.75 ± 0.55

0.07

-1.75 ± 0.55

0.07

Z-spring

-2.96 ± 0.51*

0.00#

-2.96 ± 0.51*

0.00#

Hawley Labial bow

-4.68 ± 0.45*

0.00#

-4.68 ± 0.45*

0.00#

Buccal canine retractor

Adams Clasp

4.00 ± *0.43

0.00#

4.00 ± 0.43*

0.00#

Palatal finger spring

-0.75 ± 0.24

0.19

-0.75 ± 0.24

0.10

Southend clasp

2.25 ± 0.40*

0.00#

2.25 ± 0.40*

0.00#

Z-spring

1.04 ± 0.40

0.26

1.04 ± 0.40

0.26

Hawley Labial bow

-0.68 ± 0.36

1.00

-0.68 ± 0.36

1.00

Palatal finger spring

Adams Clasp

4.75 ± 0.48 *

0.00#

4.75 ± 0.48*

0.00#

Buccal canine retractor

0.75 ± 0.24

0.10

0.75 ± 0.24

0.10

Southend clasp

3.00 ± 0.42*

0.00#

3.00 ± 0.42*

0.00#

Z-spring

1.79 ± 0.45*

0.01#

1.79 ± 0.45*

0.01#

Hawley Labial bow

0.07 ± 0.40

1.00

0.07 ± 0.40

1.00

Southend clasp

Adams Clasp

1.75 ± 0.55

0.07

1.75 ± 0.55

0.07

Buccal canine retractor

-2.25 ± 0.40*

0.00#

-2.25 ± 0.40*

0.00#

Palatal finger spring

-3.00 ± 0.42*

0.00#

-3.00 ± 0.42*

0.00#

Z-spring

-1.21 ± 0.47

0.27

-1.21 ± 0.47

0.27

Hawley Labial bow

-2.93 ± 0.24*

0.00#

-2.93 ± 0.24*

0.00#

Z-spring

Adams Clasp

2.96 ± 0.51*

0.00#

2.96 ± 0.51*

0.00#

Buccal canine retractor

-1.04 ± 0.40

0.26

-1.04 ± 0.40

0.26

Palatal finger spring

-1.79 ± 0.45*

0.01#

-1.79 ± 0.45*

0.01#

Southend clasp

1.21 ± 0.47

0.27

1.21 ± 0.47

0.27

Hawley Labial bow

-1.72 ± 0.47*

0.02#

-1.72 ± 0.45*

0.02#

Hawley Labial bow

Adams Clasp

4.68 ± 0.45*

0.00#

4.68 ± 0.45*

0.00#

Buccal canine retractor

0.68 ± 0.31

1.00

0.68 ± 0.36

1.00

Palatal finger spring

-0.07 ± 0.40

1.00

-0.07 ± 0.40

1.00

Southend clasp

2.93 ± 0.24*

0.00#

2.93 ± 0.24*

0.00#

Z-spring

1.72 ± 0.45*

0.02#

1.72 ± 0.45*

0.02#

  1. Based on estimated marginal means
  2. *Significant difference
  3. b. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni
  4. #P < 0.01 (0.05/5)
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BMC Medical Education

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