Authors, Year | Country, language, sample details | Factorial structure (items), Cronbach’s α | Items eliminated | CFA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rees et al. [11], 2002 | The United Kingdom, English, 490 1st and 2nd year medical students | 1. PAS (4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25), α = 0.873 2. NAS (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 24, 26), α = 0.805 | – | NO |
Anvik et al. [16], 2007 | Norway, Norwegian, 1833 medical students | 1. Learning (2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26) α = 0.861 2. Importance (1, 3, 4, 19, 22) α = 0.532 3. Respecting (5, 9, 14,16), α = 0.775 | 4 items (15, 17, 20, 23) | NO |
Harlak et al. [12], 2008 | Turkey, Turkish, 179 1st-5th year medical students | 1. PAS (1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25), α = 0.920 2. NAS (2, 3, 6, 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26), α = 0.710 | – | NO |
Ahn et al. [18], 2009 | Korea, Korean, 325 2nd year pre-medical and 3rd year medical students | 1. Facilitating interpersonal skills (4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16), α = 0.752 2. Importance within a medical context (2, 19, 21, 26), α = 0.744 3. Motivation (8, 11, 23, 24), α = 0.680 4. Assessment (3, 22), α = 0.446 5. Overconfidence (13,20), α = 0.496 | 8 items (1, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17, 18, 25) | NO |
Molinuevo and Torrubia [13], 2011 | Spain, Catalan, 569 1st year nursing students and 1st and 2nd year medicine students | 1. PAS (1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25) α = 0.830 2. NAS (2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17, 20, 22, 24), α = 0.640 | 3 items (13, 19, 26) | NO |
Busch et al. [14], 2015 | Germany, German, 529 1st, 2nd and 4th year medical students | 1. PAS (4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16, 23), α =?a 2. NAS (2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26), α =?a | 7 items (1, 3, 8, 13, 18, 20, 22) | YES |
Baharudin et al. [15], 2017 | Malaysia, English, 171 1st year medical students | 1. PAS (4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26), α = 0.862 2. NAS (2, 3, 6, 8, 17, 20, 22, 24), α = 0.565 | 4 items (1, 11, 13, 15) | NO |
Yakhforoshha et al. [17], 2018 | Iran, Persian, 410 medical students from different levels of training | 1. Important in medical context (1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 25), α = 0.86 2. Excuse (2, 6, 8, 15, 18, 26), α = 0.75 3. Learning (7, 12, 13, 17, 24), α = 0.65 4. Overconfidence (3, 20, 22), α = 0.62 | 1 item (11) | YES |