Table 2 Entrustable professional activity (EPA) frameworks in undergraduate medical education (UME)

Country

USA

Canada

Switzerland

Year of publication

2014

2016

2017

Number of UME EPAs

13

12

9

Corresponding EPAs (based on content)

EPA 1:

Gather a history and perform a physical examination

EPA 1:

Obtain a history and perform a physical examination adapted to the patient’s clinical situation

EPA 1:

Take a medical history

see AAMC EPA 1

see AFMC EPA 1

EPA 2:

Assess the physical and mental status

of the patient

EPA 2:

Prioritize a differential diagnosis following a clinical encounter

EPA 2:

Formulate and justify a prioritized differential diagnosis

EPA 3:

Prioritize a differential diagnosis following a clinical encounter

EPA 3:

Recommend and interpret common diagnostic and screening tests

EPA 3:

Formulate an initial plan of investigation based on the diagnostic hypotheses

EPA 4:

Recommend and interpret diagnostic

and screening tests in common situations

see AAMC EPA 3

EPA 4:

Interpret and communicate results of common diagnostic and screening tests

see PROFILES EPA 4

see AAMC EPA 12

see AFMC EPA 11

EPA 5:

Perform general procedures

see AAMC EPA 10

see AFMC EPA 8

EPA 6:

Recognize a patient requiring urgent/ emergency care, initiate evaluation and management

EPA 4:

Enter and discuss orders and prescriptions

EPA 5:

Formulate, communicate, and implement management plans

EPA 7:

Develop a management plan, discuss orders and prescriptions in common situations

EPA 5:

Document a clinical encounter in the patient record

EPA 6:

Present oral and written reports that document a clinical encounter

EPA 8:

Document and present a patient’s clinical encounter; perform handover

EPA 6:

Provide an oral presentation of a clinical encounter

see AFMC EPA 6

see PROFILES EPA 8

EPA 7:

Form clinical questions and retrieve evidence to advance patient care

no corresponding AFMC EPA

no corresponding PROFILES EPA

EPA 8:

Give or receive a patient handover to transition care responsibility

EPA 7:

Provide and receive the handover in transitions of care

see PROFILES EPA 8

EPA 9:

Collaborate as a member of an interprofessional team

no corresponding AFMC EPA

no corresponding PROFILES EPA

EPA 10:

Recognize a patient requiring urgent or emergent care and initiate evaluation and management

EPA 8:

Recognize a patient requiring urgent or emergent care, provide initial management and seek help

see PROFILES EPA 6

no corresponding AAMC EPA

EPA 9:

Communicate in difficult situations

no corresponding PROFILES EPA

see AAMC EPA 13

EPA 10:

Participate in health quality improvement initiatives

EPA 9:

Contribute to a culture of safety and improvement

EPA 11:

Obtain informed consent for tests and/or procedures

no corresponding AFMC EPA

no corresponding PROFILES EPA

EPA 12:

Perform general procedures of a physician

EPA 11:

Perform general procedures of a physician

see PROFILES EPA 5

no corresponding AAMC EPA

EPA 12:

Educate patients in disease management, health promotion and preventive medicine

no corresponding PROFILES EPA

EPA 13:

Identify system failures and contribute to a culture of safety and improvement

see AFMC EPA 10

see PROFILES EPA 9