|
Clinical Qualities
|
Amoli et al. 2016 [20]
|
Survey
|
N = 503
|
Pediatric Orthopedics
|
Changes in demographic make-up of pediatric orthopedics indicate higher hiring rate for females.
|
|
Hemphill et al. 2020 [34]
|
Perspective
|
n/a
|
Medical Education
|
Physicians may acquire gender-based implicit biases through educational and formative experiences.
|
|
Ferguson et al. 2018 [28]
|
Prospective validation
|
N = 247
|
Cardio−/Thoracic surgeons
|
Outcomes of clinical vignettes do not show implicit bias.
|
|
Furnas et al. 2018 [40]
|
Survey
|
N = 757
|
Plastic surgeons
|
Women demonstrated a higher perception of gender concordance with their patients.
|
|
Greene et al. 2018 [41]
|
Survey
|
N = 915
|
Clinical Preferences
|
Patients may have an implicit bias based solely on name when selecting a physician.
|
|
Diagnosis of Disease
|
Berthold et al. 2008 [42]
|
Cross-sectional
|
N = 51,053
|
GPs/Internists
|
Patients of female physicians received higher quality of care for Diabetes Mellitus Type II.
|
|
Bouck et al. 2018 [26]
|
Cohort
|
N = 2394
|
GPs
|
Male physicians order more low-value tests than female physicians.
|
|
Hamberg et al. 2004 [43]
|
Case Description
|
N = 289
|
Gastrointestinal Specialists
|
Physicians utilize different gender cues during the clinical work-up and diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.
|
|
Bernardes et al. 2013 [44]
|
Between Subjects
|
N = 310
|
GPs
|
Physician-held stereotypes to gender may influence the diagnosis and treatment of low-back pain.
|
|
Treatment
|
Daugherty et al. 2017 [32]
|
Prospective validation
|
N = 503
|
Cardiologists
|
Female physicians show lower gendered implicit bias than males.
|
|
Hirsh et al. 2014 [35]
|
Analog Design (simulation)
|
N = 98
|
GPs
|
Provider sex is an influence on the selection of treatment option.
|
|
Sabin et al. 2009 [45]
|
Survey
|
N = 2535
|
Medical Doctors
|
Only Black female physicians showed no implicit bias towards male or female patients.
|
|
Schwartz et al. 2003 [46]
|
Survey
|
N = 289
|
Obesity experts
|
Female physicians were more likely to associate the word “fat” with bad, lazy, and stupid but not “worthless”.
|
|
Outcomes
|
Chapman et al. 2013 [5]
|
Perspective
|
n/a
|
Systematic review of literature
|
Implicit bias within physicians leads to perpetuating health care disparities.
|
|
Tsugawa et al. 2017 [27]
|
Retrospective Analysis
|
N = 1,583,028 (episodes of care)
|
Internists
|
Female internists treat elderly hospitalized patients in a manner that lowers 30-day readmission rates and decreases hospital-related death.
|
