Table 2 Entrustment levels used in the survey (derived from Ten Cate [11, 13])

1

I can only observe someone performing this task

2

I can perform the task under direct, proactive supervision (the supervisor is actively helping me)

3

I can perform the task under indirect, reactive supervision (I can ask for help and the supervisor is readily available, within a minute)^a

4

I can perform the task under distant supervision (supervisor not present in the room; I can call the supervisor; supervisor available within 20–30 min)^b

5

I can supervise others^b