Table 2 Change in medical students attitudes toward the underserved (MS-ATU) throughout medical education
Author | Country | Scale | 1st year | 2nd year | 3d year | 4th year | 5th year | Mean difference (%) | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dornbush et al. 1985 [16] | US | ATSIMa | 168.11 | – | 165.85 | – | – | −2.26 (1.3%) | NS |
Ewan, 1987 [32] | Australia | ATSIM | 175.9 | – | – | 179.4 | – | + 3.5 (1.9%) | NS |
Ewan, 1988 [33] | Australia | ATSIM | – | – | – | 176 | 167 | −9.0 (5.1%) | p < 0.001 |
Dornbush et al. 1991 [34] | US | ATSIM | 213.81 |  | 195.15 | – | – | −18.66 (8.7%) | p = 0.037 |
Crandall et al. 1993 [12] | US | MSATUa | 66.3 | – | – | 60.8 | – | −5.5 (8.3%) | p < 0.001 |
Crandall et al. 1997 [13] (women) | US | MSATU | 54.1 | 48.4 | 47.6 | 43.5 | – | −10.6 (22.2%) | p < 0.001 |
Crandall et al. 1997 [13] (men) | US | MSATU | 48.6 | 44.4 | 44.7 | 40.9 | – | −7.7 (15.8%) | p < 0.001 |
Schwartz & Loten, 2004 [43] | New Zealand | ATSIM | 13.46 | 13.61 | 12.9 | – | – | − 0.56 (4.2%) | NA |
Schwartz & Loten, 2004 [43] | Hawaii | ATSIM | 14.75 | 14.54 | 14.21 | 14.31 | – | −0.44 (2.9%) | NA |
Schwartz & Loten, 2004 [43] | Australia | ATSIM | 13.21 | – | 13 | – | – | −0.21 (1.6%) | NA |
Wolloschuk et al. 2004 [45] | Canada | ATSIM | 187.2 | 182.01 | – | 176.05 | – | −11.15 (5.9%) | p < 0.001 |
Godkin et al. 2006 [47] | US | MSATU | 3.98 | – | – | 3.81 | – | −0.17 (4.3%) | p < 0.05 |
Crandall et al. 2008 [51] | US | MSATU | 52.8 | 51.4 |
| 46.6 | – | −6.2 (11.7%) | p < 0.01 |
Wayne et al. 2011 [54] | US | MSATU | 54.9 | – | – | 50.4 | – | −4.5 (8.2%) | NA |
Jilani et al. 2015 [18] | US | ATPb | 48.15 | – | – | 51.69 | – | + 3.54 (7.4%) | p = 0.016 |
Stephens et al. 2015 [63] | US | MSATU | 46.02 | – | – | 41.7 | – | −4.32 (9.4%) | p < 0.01 |