Table 3 Descriptive statistics of each H-PEPSS-CV item (n = 732)
Patient safety areas | Setting | Mean (SD) | Effect size | Paired t-test (t and p value) | Agree/strongly agree | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | χ2 2-tail p value | |||||
T1 Safe clinical practice in general | Classroom | 3.76(0.82) | −0.07 | t = −3.79 | 510 | 69.70 | χ2 = 8.68 |
Clinical | 3.87(0.77) | p = 0.00 | 560 | 76.50 | p = 0.00 | ||
T2 Hand hygiene | Classroom | 4.00(0.68) | −0.07 | t = − 3.79 | 607 | 82.90 | χ2 = 0.99 |
Clinical | 4.10(0.70) | p = 0.00 | 621 | 84.90 | p = 0.32 | ||
T3 Infection control | Classroom | 4.28(0.81) | 0.27 | t = 14.49 | 657 | 89.80 | χ2 = 57.45 |
Clinical | 3.84(0.78) | p = 0.00 | 546 | 74.60 | p = 0.00 | ||
T4 Safe medication practices | Classroom | 4.40(0.69) | 0.21 | t = 10.72 | 674 | 92.10 | χ2 = 16.99 |
Clinical | 4.10(0.69) | p = 0.00 | 624 | 85.30 | p = 0.00 | ||
T5 The importance of having a questioning attitude and speaking up when you see things that may be unsafe | Classroom | 3.80(0.80) | −0.04 | t = −2.19 | 515 | 70.40 | χ2 = 1.79 |
Clinical | 3.86(0.79) | p = 0.03 | 538 | 73.50 | p = 0.18 | ||
T6 The importance of a supportive environment that encourages patients and providers to speak up when they have safety concerns | Classroom | 3.99(0.76) | −0.05 | t = −2.75 | 580 | 79.30 | χ2 = 4.04 |
Clinical | 4.07(0.74) | p = 0.01 | 610 | 83.40 | p = 0.04 | ||
T7 The nature of systems and system failures and their role in adverse events | Classroom | 3.95(0.79) | 0.04 | t = 1.90 | 577 | 78.80 | χ2 = 3.67 |
Clinical | 3.88(1.06) | p = 0.06 | 546 | 74.60 | p = 0.06 | ||
T8 Managing inter-professional conflict | Classroom | 4.18(0.71) | 0.09 | t = 5.13 | 641 | 87.60 | χ2 = 4.07 |
Clinical | 4.05(0.69) | p = 0.00 | 614 | 83.90 | p = 0.04 | ||
T9 Sharing authority, leadership and decision-making | Classroom | 3.95(0.78) | 0.11 | t = 6.12 | 572 | 78.20 | χ2 = 14.46 |
Clinical | 3.78(0.78) | p = 0.00 | 508 | 69.40 | p = 0.00 | ||
T10 Encouraging team members to speak up, question, challenge, advocate, and be accountable as appropriate to address safety issues | Classroom | 4.18(0.70) | 0.16 | t = 9.09 | 641 | 87.60 | χ2 = 27.81 |
Clinical | 3.95(0.73) | p = 0.00 | 564 | 77.10 | p = 0.00 | ||
T11 Enhancing patient safety through clear and consistent communication with patients | Classroom | 3.88(0.82) | 0.15 | t = 8.85 | 547 | 74.70 | χ2 = 40.11 |
Clinical | 3.63(0.82) | p = 0.00 | 433 | 59.10 | p = 0.00 | ||
T12 Enhancing patient safety through effective communication with other healthcare providers | Classroom | 4.07(0.76) | 0.19 | t = 10.11 | 596 | 81.40 | χ2 = 50.19 |
Clinical | 3.77(0.80) | p = 0.00 | 476 | 65.00 | p = 0.00 | ||
T13 Effective verbal and nonverbal communication abilities to prevent adverse events | Classroom | 3.80(0.82) | −0.06 | t = −3.62 | 503 | 68.70 | χ2 = 16.69 |
Clinical | 3.90(0.73) | p = 0.00 | 572 | 78.10 | p = 0.00 | ||
T14 Recognizing routine situations in which safety problems may arise | Classroom | 3.98(0.75) | −0.08 | t = −4.23 | 564 | 77.10 | χ2 = 17.87 |
Clinical | 4.10(0.70) | p = 0.00 | 627 | 85.60 | p = 0.00 | ||
T15 Identifying and implementing safety solutions | Classroom | 3.68(0.81) | −0.12 | t = −6.33 | 463 | 63.30 | χ2 = 24.85 |
Clinical | 3.86(0.74) | p = 0.00 | 551 | 75.30 | p = 0.00 | ||
T16 Anticipating and managing high risk situations | Classroom | 3.80(0.79) | −0.17 | t = −8.81 | 496 | 67.80 | χ2 = 48.05 |
Clinical | 4.05(0.69) | p = 0.00 | 610 | 83.40 | p = 0.00 | ||
T17 The role of human factors, such as fatigue, which effect patient safety | Classroom | 3.70(0.81) | −0.07 | t = −3.86 | 465 | 63.50 | χ2 = 12.84 |
Clinical | 3.81(0.77) | p = 0.00 | 529 | 72.30 | p = 0.00 | ||
T18 The role of environmental factors such as work flow, ergonomics and resources, which effect patient safety | Classroom | 3.86(0.76) | −0.12 | t = −6.38 | 534 | 73.0 | χ2 = 18.19 |
Clinical | 4.03(0.69) | p = 0.00 | 602 | 82.30 | p = 0.00 | ||
T19 Recognizing an adverse event or close call | Classroom | 3.84(0.77) | 0.01 | t = 0.37 | 541 | 73.90 | χ2 = 0.06 |
Clinical | 3.83(0.75) | p = 0.71 | 545 | 74.50 | p = 0.81 | ||
T20 Reducing harm by addressing immediate risks for patients and others involved | Classroom | 3.96(0.75) | −0.04 | t = −2.48 | 575 | 78.50 | χ2 = 4.80 |
Clinical | 4.02(0.68) | p = 0.01 | 608 | 83.10 | p = 0.03 | ||