Table 2 Items and descriptive statistics of students’ questionnaire

Handling^a

H1: The technical introduction (‘tech-checks’) in the first week of the semester prepared me well for online learning.

H2: I was able to prepare myself well in advance for the online learning (by script or book).

H3: The online learning was structured well.

H4: The aspiration level of online learning was good.

H5: The image and sound quality of online learning was good.

Didactic benefit^a

D1: In the current situation, online learning was a good option for learning the theoretical part of education.

Didactic benefit^a

D2: By participating in the online learning, I feel well prepared for the practical part of education.

Didactic benefit^a

D3: In the context of online learning I dare to ask questions more often than “face-to-face”.

Didactic benefit^a

D4: I generally prefer “face-to-face” rather than online learning.

Didactic benefit^a

D5: I do not think that online learning is useful and would have preferred a ‘non-semester’ and (if possible) continuing with ‘normal’ “face-to-face” learning in winter semester.

Motivation^a

M1: The use of new digital teaching methods (e.g. online teaching) motivates me to learn.