Table 1 Factor loadings (pattern matrix)

H3: The online learning was structured well.

H2: I was able to prepare myself well in advance for the online learning (by script or book).

H5: The image and sound quality of online learning was good.

H1: The technical introduction (‘tech-checks’) in the first week of the semester prepared me well for online learning.

H4: The aspiration level of online learning was good.

D1: In the current situation, online learning was a good option for learning the theoretical part of education.

D4: I generally prefer “face-to-face” rather than online learning.

D5: I do not think that online learning is useful and would have preferred a ‘non-semester’ and (if possible) continuing with ‘normal’ “face-to-face” learning in winter semester.

D2: By participating in the online learning, I feel well prepared for the practical part of education.

D3: In the context of online learning I dare to ask questions more often than “face-to-face”.

Eigenvalues

% of variance

Cronbach’s alpha