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Table 1 Matching of the GRE-9 items with the REFLECT Rubric reflective evaluation levels and Groningen Reflection Ability Scale’s (GRAS) theoretical facets

From: Grading reflective essays: the reliability of a newly developed tool- GRE-9

GRE-9 items

REFLECT Rubric Criterion/ Axis

GRAS reflective theoretical facets

1. What happened?

Description of conflict or disorienting dilemma

Self-reflection criteriona

2. What is special about this event?

3. Feelings when it happened

Attending to emotions

Self-reflection criteriona

4. What was the outcome for the concerned?

Description of conflict or disorienting dilemma

Empathetic reflection criterionb

5. Understanding of the event

Description of conflict or disorienting dilemma

Self-reflection criteriona

6. Congruence of actions and beliefs

Analysis and meaning making

Self-reflection criteriona

7. New thoughts and feelings after reflection

Analysis and meaning making

Empathetic reflection criterionb

8. Reference to old experience and others*

Critical reflection/ confirmatory learning

Reflective communication criterionc

9. How this incident will affect future role

Critical reflection/ Transformative learning

Reflective communication criterionc

  1. aThe introspective aspect of personal reflection: The careful exploration and appraisal of experience, as a prerequisite for framing or reframing one's thoughts, feelings, beliefs, norms or methods
  2. bThe social, inter-subjective extension of self-reflection: Contextual understanding and appraisal, i.e. empathetic placement in and thinking about the position of others, such as patients and colleagues
  3. cThe behavioral expression of both self-reflection and empathetic reflection, for example the handling of feedback or a dialogue, or dealing with interpersonal differences
  4. *Reference to others is unique to GRE-9
  5. Adapted from: Wald HS, Borkan JM, Taylor JS, Anthony D, Reis SP. Fostering and evaluating reflective capacity in medical education: developing the REFLECT rubric for assessing reflective writing. Acad Med. 2012;87:41-50.
  6. Adapted from: Aukes LC, Geertsma J, Cohen-Schotanus J, Zwierstra RP, Slaets JPJ. The development of a scale to measure personal reflection in medical practice and education. Med Teach. 2007