Table 2 Regression analysis of learning strategies on learning outcome among first- and second-year students

- Rehearsal

−4.91^***

−2.69^*

(−3.84)

(− 2.06)

- Elaboration

2.75

−1.24

(1.72)

(−0.84)

- Organization

0.26

2.04

(0.22)

(1.60)

- Critical thinking

0.75

−2.10

(0.77)

(−1.67)

Meta-Cognition

−0.87

−0.07

(−0.50)

(− 0.03)

- Time management

−2.25

1.01

(−1.33)

(0.57)

- Effort

2.16

−1.06

(1.84)

(−0.72)

- Peer learning

2.00^*

−0.19

(2.42)

(−0.20)

- Help seeking

−2.00

2.39^*

(−1.87)

(2.52)

Pre-test Score

0.88^***

1.22^***

(4.41)

(7.68)

Constant

29.48^*

6.39

(2.56)

(0.57)

N

70

76

R²

0.597

0.572

AIC

482.59

558.45

BIC

511.82

588.75