Grouping | Strategies | Context (References) |
---|---|---|
Counselling Micro-skills | ||
(1) Attending behaviours | Eye contact, vocal qualities, verbal tracking. | Patient [55] |
(2) Body language | Squarely face, Open posture, Lean, Eye contact, Relaxed(SOLER) | Patient [56] |
Sit at an angle”; “Uncross legs and arms”; “Relax”; “Eye contact”; “Touch”; “Your intuition” (SURETY) | ||
(3) Questioning | Open versus closed questions | Simulation [57] |
Encouraging, Summarising, paraphrasing | ||
(4) Promoted self-reflection | ||
(5) Active listening | Name, Understand, Respect, Support, Explore | Patient (Back et al. [54]) |
(6) Signposting | Name structures to facilitate navigation through conversation. | Patient [59] |
Patient centred interview technique | ||
(1) Focusing | Silence, | Patient Fassaert et al. 2007 -[60] |
Non-verbal encouragement and neutral utterances | Simulation [44] | |
(2) Non focusing | Reflection, echoing, open ended requests and summarising | |
Meta-skills | ||
Cognitive appraisal -Cues | Picking up and responding to patient cues | [21] |
Cognitive appraisal -Barriers | Uncovering and resolving barriers to communication | |
Mindfulness | Full immersion in the moment | [24] |
Community orientation | Recognising and acting upon the importance of community supports such as family (for patients) or peers (for learners) | |
Team orientation | Recognising the importance of the team and acting accordingly | |
Simulation techniques | ||
(1) Advocacy-inquiry | Advocating a particular interpretation -combined with genuine curiosity as to whether that interpretation is correct. | Debrief [61] |
(2). Group techniques (Debriefing) | Team guided self correction | [44] |
Circular questioning |